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FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. 



BY 



JOHN R. G. HASSARD.-LLD., 

Author of ^'A History of the United States of America,^' ^^ Life of Archbishop 
Htighes, " ''Life -of Pius IX.;' Etc. 



WITH K^ miRODUCTIOK 

BY THE 

Right Rev. J. L. SPALDING, D.D., 

Bishop of Peoria. 




New York : 
THE CATHOLIC PUBLICATION SOCIETY CO., 

9 BARCLAY STREET. 



1887 



AN ABRIDGED 



STORi OF m M\m m 






FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. 



BY 



JOHN R. G. HASSARD,:LL.D., 

Author of '■'A History of the Utiited States of America^'''' ^^ Life of Archbishop 
Hughes^ " ''Life of Pius IX.;' Etc, 



WITH m miRODUCTION 

BY THE 

Right Rev. J. L. SPALDING, D.D., 

Bishop of Peoria. 




New York : 
THE CATHOLIC PUBLICATION SOCIETY CO., 

9 BARCLAY STREET. 



1887 



Smptimatttt; .. 

^MICHAEL AUGUSTINE, 

Archbishop of New York. 



July 1, 1887. 






Copyright, 1887, 
TUE CATHOLIC PUBLICATION SOCIETY CO, 



PREFACE, 



The present " Abridged History of the United States " 
has been prepared, at the request of teachers, for the use of 
those pupils whose time at school is too short for the author's 
larger work on the same subject. It is hoped that in reliev- 
ing the scholars of the burden of many details nothing of 
permanent importance has been neglected, and the story has 
been made clearer as well as easier to remember. 

For nearly ten years the original work upon which this is 
founded has enjoyed high favor in the Catholic institutions 
of our own and other countries ; and the distinctive features 
for which it has been most warmly praised are retained and 
enlarged in the new companion-publication. In a time when 
exaggerated respect is paid to wealth, enterprise, and mate- 
rial progress, and even school-books teach American lads 
to boast of the national faculty for getting rich, our young 
people cannot be too carefully reminded that the true glory 
of America does not lie in such things ; and the author has 
sought to keep the moral and religious history of the country 
in its due prominence. In particular he has spared no pains 
to show the distinguished part which Catholic missionaries, 
explorers, soldiers, statesmen, patriots, and scholars have had 
in the making of the United States, and to insist upon the 
great fact that the growth of the American Church has kept 
steady pace with the development of a free and happy nation. 

New YoRk, June i, 1887, 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Introduction, , . . . . . . , . . 9 



PART FIRST. 



DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. 

CHAPTER 

I. Discovery by the Northmen — Columbus— The Cabots— 

Vespucci — Cortereal, . . . . . .15 

II. The Spanish Explorers — Ponce de Leon, Ayllon, Nar- 
vaez, De Soto — The First Missionaries — The Span- 
iards and Huguenots in Florida — St. Francis Borgia 
and Pope St. Pius V. and the Indians, ... 23 
III. French Adventurers and Missionaries — Settlement of 
Canada — The Jesuits in Maine and New York — Explo- 
ration of the Mississippi — Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, 31 
IV. First English Settlements — Sir Humphrey Gilbert and 
Walter Raleigh — 'The Plymouth and London Com- 
panies — The Dutch — Claims of the European Powers, 35 
V. The English in Virginia — Captain John Smith — Poca- 
hontas — Powhatan, ....... 41 

VI. Virginia continued — Political Development — Character 

of the Colony, . . . . . . . . 45 

VII. New England — The Pilgrims — State and Church — The 

Quakers — Roger Williams, . . . . . 49 

VIII. New Hampshire — Maine — Connecticut, ... 59 

IX. NewNetherland — Character of the Dutch Colony — ^New 

Jersey, ......... 61 

X. The Catholic Colony of Maryland — Lord Baltimore — 

Freedom of Worshio destroyed by the Protestants, . 64 
XI. Indian Troubles — King Philip's War, . . . .71 

XII. TheCarolinas — Georgia — William Penn — Pennsylvania, 74 
XIII. The Colonies and the Crown — The Charter Oak — Leis- 
ler's Rebellion in New York—" The Negro Plot "— 
Salem Witchcraft .78 



PART SECOND. 



COLONIAL WARS. 



XIV. French and English Rivalries — Enterprises of the 

French — King William's War, . . ... 83 



Contents, 



CHAPTER PAGE 

XV. Queen Anne's War— Father Rale— King George's War, 86 
XVI. The French in the Mississippi Valley — Progress of the 
English Colonies — The French and Indian War — 
George Washington — Benjamin Franklin, . . 90 

XVII. The French and Indian War, continued — Braddock's 

Defeat— The Acadians 97 

XVIII. The Ministry of the Elder Pitt— The Struggle for Cana- 
da — Montcalm and Wolfe — Fall of Quebec— Results 
of the War — The Conspiracy of Pontiac, . . . 101 



PART THIRD. 



THE REVOLUTION. 
XIX. Condition of the Colonies after the War— Restrictions 

on Trade— The Stamp Act, 107 

XX. The Boston Massacre — Destruction of Tea — The Boston 

Port Bill— The First Continental Congress, . . Ill 

XXI. The War Begins — Lexington — Concord — Ticonderoga 

—Bunker Hill, 115 

XXII. Washington Commander-in-Chief — Operations in Canada 

— Siege of Boston, ....... 120 

XXIII. The Movement for Independence — Proceedings in the 

Congress — The Declaration Adopted, . . . 125 

XXIV. The British at New York— Battle of Long Island— 

Carleton on Lake Champlain — Battle of White Plains, 129 
XXV. Washington and Cornwallis in the Jerseys — Battle of 

Trenton — Battle of Princeton, ..... 133 

XXVI. Assistance from France — The Navy — Foreign Officers — 
Battle of the Brandyvi^ine — Occupation of Philadelphia 
— Battle of Germantown, ...... 135 

XXVII, Burgoyne's Invasion — Battle of Bennington — Surrender 

of Burgoyne, ........ 139 

XXVIII. Operations of 1778 — Alliance vi'ith France — Battle of 

Monmouth — Massacre of Wyoming, .... 143 

XXIX. The War in the South— Capture of Stony Point— Hosti- 
lities with the Indians — Exploit of John Paul Jones, . 147 
XXX. Capture of Charleston — Outrages in the South—Defeat 

of Gates — The Partisan Bands, ..... 152 

XXXI. Treason of Benedict Arnold — Execution of Major A.ndre, 155 
XXXII, Arrival of Count Rochambeau — Revolt among the Troops 

— Greene in the South, ...... 158 



Contents. 



XXXIII. Siege of Yorktown — Surrender of Cornwallis — The End 

of th-e War, 162 



PART FOURTH. 



THE UNION. 



XXXIV. The Constitution — Administration of Washington — Dis- 
putes with England 167 

XXXV. Settlement of the West, 173 

XXXVI. The Catholic Church in the United States at the end of 

the Rerolution, 176 

XXXVII. John Adams President, 1797-1801 — Hostilities with 

France — Death of Washington, ..... 180 
XXXVIII. Thomas Jefferson President, 1801-1S09 — Purchase of 
Louisiana — War with the Barbary States — Aaron 
Burr — Trouble with England and France, . . . 184 
XXXIX. James Madison President, 1809-1817 — Second War with 

England, 187 

XL. War on the Niagara Frontier — Lundy's Lane — Battle of 
Plattsburg — Capture of Washington — Battle of New 

Orleans-End of the War 191 

XLI. The Barbary Pirates — James Monroe President, 1817- 
1821 — Purchase of Florida — Slavery — The Missouri 
Compromise — The Monroe Doctrine — Indian Mis- 
sions, .......... 195 

XLII. John Quincy Adams, 1825-1829 — Andrew Jackson, 

1829-1S37 — The United States Bank — Nullification — 

Indian Wars — Railroads — Martin Van Buren, 1837- 

1841 — William Henry Harrison, 1841, . . . 199 

XLIII. John Tyler President, 1841-1845 — Native American 

Riots — Texas — Annexation, ..... 203 

XLIV. Campaign of Taylor — Capture of California — Campaign 

of Scott— Fall of Mexico— The Treaty of Peace, . 204 
XLV. California and New Mexico — The Missions — Discovery 

of Gold, 208 

XLVI. Presidents Taylor, Fillmore, and Pierce, 1849-1857 — 
The Know-Nothings — Reorganization of Parties — 
The Mormons — The Atlantic Telegraph, . . . 211 
XLVII. The Slavery Agitation Increasing — The Compromise of 
1850— The Fugitive Slave Law — The Kansas-Ne- 
braska Bill — Repeal of the Missouri Compromise — War 



8 Contents, 



PAGE 



in Kansas — Dred Scott — John Brown — Election of 
Abraham Lincoln 215 



PART FIFTH. 



THE CIVIL WAR. 

XLVIII. Southern States Secede — The Confederacy Organized — 
Fort Siimter — Bull Run — The Neutral States — The 
Blockade and the Navy— The Trent Affair, . . 219 
XLIX. Second Year of the War — Forts Henry and Donelson — 
Shiloh — Bragg and Buell in Kentucky — Bragg and 
Rosecrans — Capture of New Orleans— The Merrimac 

and the Monitor, 225 

L. Second Year of the War, continued — McClellan on the 
Peninsula — Pope in Virginia — Second Battle of Bull 
Run — Invasion of Maryland — Battle of Antietam — 
Battle of Fredericksburg, ...... 231 

LI. Third Year of the War — Chancellorsville — Gettysburg — 
Vicksburg — The Draft — Chickamauga — Chattanooga 
— Confederate Cruisers, ...... 237 

LII. Fourth Year of the War— Grant in Command of all the 
Armies — His Advance towards Richmond — The 
Wilderness — Petersburg— Early and Sheridan — Sher- 
man's Atlanta Campaign — Thomas at Nashville — The 
March to the Sea — Farragut at Mobile — Fort Fisher — 
Re-election of President Lincoln, . . . . 242 

LIII. Sherman in the Carolinas — Fall of Richmond — End of 

the War — Assassination of the President, . . . 250 



PART SIXTH. 



THE UNION RESTORED. 



LIV. End of Slavery — Reconstruction — Impeachment of Presi- 
dent Johnson — President Grant — The Treaty of Wash- 
ington — The Centenary of Independence — President 
Hayes — President Garfield — President Arthur — Presi- 
dent Cleveland, .254 

LV. The Catholic Church in the United States. . . . 259 



INTRODUCTION.* 



The value of the study of history as a means of education 
is so evident as hardly to need statement. The young reflect 
but little ; their knowledge is of facts and events, not of prin- 
ciples ; and their thoughts and conversation habitually as- 
sume the historic form of narration. They seldom speak 
of what they think or have thought, but constantly of what 
they have seen or undergone ; and hence the youthful mind 
finds more interest and instruction in the deeds than in the 
thoughts of men. The knowledge thus acquired is also the 
truest, for what we do is a more real expression of ourselves 
than what we think. Action is not only intelligible to every 
one, but its effects are often highly picturesque and appeal 
strongly to the imagination. History has thus the force of 
example. By bringing us into almost living contact with 
the greatest and most highly endowed members of our race, 
it fills us with admiration for what is noble and heroic. The 
effort to preserve the memory of high and worthy deeds is 
universal. There is no tribe so rude as not to have some 
record of its struggles and victories, and the most civiHzed 
nation has no deeper lesson of wisdom to teach than that 
which is conveyed by its own history. It is needless to m- 
sist upon this, for no one is so unreasonable as to imagine 
that the study of history should be excluded from the process 
of education. 

* Reprinted from Hassard's larger " History of the United States," 

9 



I o Introduction, 



We Americans have a history which if not ancient is 
honorable. The charm that is given by the consecrating and 
beautifying power of time is indeed wanting. The thrilling 
and soul-stirring incidents of an age of chivalry are absent ; 
embattled castles frown not down upon us, and the pageant 
of plumed knights and highborn ladies passes not before our 
eyes. We seem to tread a lower plane. As of old the Israel- 
ites with no king but God entered into the promised land, 
so the people took possession of this New World, to which 
the Cross of Christ, like the pillar of fire of other days, led 
the way. The principles and elements of Christian civiliza- 
tion they brought with them to give vigor and strength in a 
new world to new social forms and systems. They were in 
a very true sense a chosen people entrusted with a Providen- 
tial mission, upon the fulfilment of which the future of a 
large and important portion of the human race is dependent ; 
and as the highest object of a nation cannot be self-defence, 
or wealth, or any other outward good, this mission must be 
associated with principles which are intimately related to the 
moral welfare and progress of the race. Our growth has 
been prodigious, our prosperity unbounded, our enterprise 
and industry keen and unwearying. The wilderness has fled 
from the face of a resistless army of pioneers ; populous and 
well-built cities, the centres of a commerce that extends to 
the end of the world, have sprung up as while men slept ; 
steam and electricity have made a thousand miles as but a 
step ; upon our wide-extending plains and prairies the rich- 
est harvests wave, and from the exhaustless earth we dig the 
most precious ores. At the same time the opportunities of 
education and the means of acquiring knowledge have been 
brought within the reach of every one. 



Introduction. 1 1 



All this, however, is bat the work of preparation — a re- 
moval of obstacles. If our society fails to reconcile material 
with moral progress, and to develop man's higher nature 
while satisfying his lower wants, it is defective and contains 
within itself the germ of its dissolution. For the end of so- 
ciety is not to multiply indefinitely the means and opportuni- 
ties of indulgence, but to form strong and noble men and 
women ; and such characters are not created by indulgence 
but by self-control, which comes of self-denial. The pro- 
gress of industries, the growth of material and mechanical 
civilization, are interesting ; but unless our views of human 
nature are to undergo a radical change there are other things 
which more nearly concern us. Dr. Brown son maintained 
that the mission of the United States is to reconcile authority 
with liberty, to establish the sovereignty of the people with- 
out social despotism, and individual freedom without anar- 
chy. But this is the common aim of all free states, and can, 
therefore, hardly be considered as the peculiar mission of 
any nation. Americans have hitherto been accustomed to 
emphasize the value of liberty, and to consider authority as 
in some w^ay or other dangerously allied to despotism ; they 
are now beginning to perceive, however, that if tyranny 
lurks in the shadow of authority, anarchy may very readily 
assume the garb of liberty ; and that if a despot is ever to 
rule over us, he will be lifted to power by the lawless rabble, 
and not by those who respect and love authority. And this 
reveals an all-important social mission of the Church in the 
United States. Tliere are various forces at work in modern 
society which weaken the spirit of patriotism. The facility 
and cheapness of travel brings about an increasing friendly 
intercommunion of the civilized peoples of the world^ by 



1 2 IntrodiLction, 



which national prejudice and hatred are being insensibly 
destroyed. The introduction of machinery has produced 
relations between capital and labor which are substantially 
the same in all manufacturing countries ; and as the working 
classes feel themselves aggrieved and at a disadvantage, they 
merge their national sentiments and seek to make common 
cause. Again, the frequency of revolution and the notorious 
un worthiness of politicians have brought government into 
disrepute, and, though there is a distinction between the 
country and the government, yet the one cannot be despised 
without a corresponding diminution of the love and reverence 
which we bear the other. And finally, as religion is always 
the surest inspiration and support of patriotism, the breaking 
down of religious beliefs in various modern nations, and 
notably in our own, is accompanied by a loss of patriotism. 
As the love of country grows cold men cease to take an inte- 
rest in public affairs, or are influenced by selfish motives. 
Local questions take precedence of national interests, and 
the spirit of sectional and partisan strife is substituted for the 
lofty and ennobling passion of patriotism. Reverence for 
authority is lost, and society, in order to protect itself, is 
driven to appeal to force Nothing can avert this danger 
but the influence of a great moral power, endowed with all 
the attributes which create respect and encourage obedience. 
The Catholic Church is this power, and the mission which 
she is destined to fulfil in behalf of American society is as 
yet hardly suspected, though an observant mind cannot fail 
to perceive its vast importance. No other religion in the 
United States has unity of doctrine and discipline, or the 
consciousness of definite purposes, or a great and venerable 
history, or the confidence born of a thousand triumphs and 



Introduction, 1 3 



of victories wrung from defeat. No other thoroughly trusts 
its destiny, or dares boldly proclaim its heavenly mission and 
infallible authority. It is the only historic religion among 
us. Outside the Church there are shifting views, opinions, 
and theories ; but there is no organic growth and progressive 
development of faith and discipline. Whatever may be 
thought of this, it can no longer be denied that Catholics are 
a living and growing element in American society ; and hence 
it is not possible to ignore their views on subjects which have 
a bearing upon the destiny and welfare of our common coun- 
try. For my own part, I believe that he who will do most to 
form the character of the Catholic youth of America, will 
also have done most to mould the future of the American 
people. In any event, it is the manifest duty of those who 
are entrusted with the education of our children to see that 
in learning the history of their country they do not lose sight 
of the rise, progress, and social influence of the Church in 
the United States. The sense of the urgency and importance 
of this obligation has led the publishers of the Young Catho- 
lic s School Series to add the present work to their list of text- 
books. The author's reputation as a careful and thoughtful 
writer is of itself sufficient assurance that his task has been 
well performed. The book has, however, been submitted for 
examination to competent judges, some of them non-Catho- 
lics, and they are unanimous in praise of its merits ; and if I 
may be permitted to express my own opinion, I will say that 
I know of no other school history of the United States which 
is distinguished by so many excellences. The style is clear 
and simple, the narrative lucid and flowing ; the description 
of remarkable incidents brief but vivid ; and through the 
whole book there breathes the spirit of candor and truth. 



14 Introduction, 



No attempt is made to prove a point, or to establish a 
theory, or to arrange the events of our history so as to make 
them illustrate any particular law or principle. Facts are 
stated simply as they occurred and are left to tell their own 
story. The tone and temper in which the work is written 
at once removes all suspicion of sectional, partisan, or reli- 
gious prejudice. The writer is a Catholic, and is therefore 
able to rise above the spirit of party. 

+.J. L. SPALDING. 

Peoria, Feast of the Assumption, 1878. 



PART FIRST. 



DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. 



CHAPTER I. 

Discovery by the Northmen — Columbus — The Cabots — •Vespucci— 

cortereal. 

1. Early Inhabitants. — The earliest inhabitants of the 
Western Hemisphere of whom we have any knowledge were 
a dark-skinned people, divided into many tribes and families, 
and speaking different languages. Throughout the greater 
part of both continents they were wandering savages who 
lived chiefly by the chase. In Mexico, Central America, and 
parts of South America they had made some progress towards 
a settled and civilized life. 

2. Voyages of the Northmen, and First Christian Settle- 
ment. — Greenland was discovered in the ninth century by an 
Icelander named Gunnbiorn, whose ship was driven thither 
by a storm. About one hundred years afterwards Greenland 
was visited by another Icelander named Eric. He explored 
it, and brought over a large body of colonists, with whom 
he founded two settlements on the west coast, and thence, 
dating from the year looo, expeditions sailed as far south as 
Narraganset Bay, and probably even to the Bay of New York. 
Leif, the son of Eric, finding quantities of grapes about the 
shores of Narraganset Bay, gave the name of Vinland {vine- 
land) to the fertile and beautiful country. 

3. Iceland having been converted to Christianity about 
this time, missionaries soon came over to the North American 

15 



1 6 Abridged History of the United States. 



colonists, and the Greenland settlements are said to have had 
at one period sixteen churches, two monasteries, and a bishop. 
The colonies were destroyed in the fourteenth and fifteenth 
centuries, and, as communication between Iceland and the 
rest of the world was difficult and infrequent, the discoveries 
of Eric and Leif were forgotten by their own countrymen, and 
never known by the other peoples of Europe. 

4. Christopher Columbus. — The existence of America was 
therefore unsuspected by the Christian world when Christo- 
pher Columbus, a native of 
Genoa, conceived the idea 
that, by sailing westward from 
some port in Europe, he could 
reach the shores of Asia. 
Commerce with the Indies was 
in the fifteenth century one of 
the chief objects of European 
enterprise, and the discovery 
of a short route to those rich 
countries was the favorite 
dream of maritime adventur- 
ers. Columbus knew that the 
earth was round, but he sup- 
posed it to be much smaller 
than it really is. 

5. Character and Aims of Columbus. — In seeking for a 
short way to India he hoped to become an instrument for the 
conversion of the heathen and the recovery of the Holy Sep- 
ulchre. " It is a curious and characteristic fact," says Wash- 
ington Irving, " which has never been particularly noticed, 
that the recovery of the Holy Sepulchre was one of the great 
objects of his ambition, meditated throughout the remainder 
of his life and solemnly provided for in his will." 

6. Columbus at the Court of Spain. — Columbus explained 
his project and applied for aid at first to the republic of 
Genoa ; then to the king of Portugal ; then to Henry VII. of 




Christopher Columbus. 



Columbus at the Spanish Court. i 7 




Isabella the Catholic. 



England ; next, it is said, to the republic of Venice, and after- 
ward to certain Spanish no- 
bles. Disappointed in all 
these applications, he had re- 
course, in 1485, to the court 
of Spain. Ferdinand of Ara- 
gon, and his devout and high- 
minded queen, Isabella of Cas- 
tile, uniting their dominions, 
had raised the Spanish monar- 
chy at this period to great 
power and renown. 

7. They listened to Colum- 
\ bus with respect, and Isabella 
in particular was deeply moved 
by his religious projects. Car- 
dinal Mendoza, archbishop of 
Toledo, and several other Spanish churchmen, also favored 
his designs ; but a commission of learned men to whom Fer- 
dinand referred the matter 
pronounced the scheme vain 
and impracticable, and after 
seven years' delay Columbus 
turned his steps toward France. 
8. On the way he stopped 
to beg a little bread and water 
at the convent of La Rabida 
{rah-bee'-dah), near the small 
seaport of Palos, in Andalusia. 
The prior, Juan Perez, who 
had formerly been the queen's 
confessor, after hearing his 
story, persuaded him to re- 
main at the convent while he 
renewed the application to Isa- 
bella. The good prior pleaded the cause of his guest with 




Fr, Juan Perez, 



l8 Abridged History of the United States. 



so much ability that Isabella sent for Columbus, and offered 
to pledge her jewels if the funds for the expedition could 
be obtained in no other way, 

9. Columbus Discovers the New World. — The fleet, which 
at last set sail from Palos {pah'-loce) on the 3d of August, 
1492, consisted of three small vessels, the Santa Maria {jnah- 
ree-ah\ Fin'ta^ and Ni'na {nee n -yah), two of which were light 
barks, called caravels, without decks. None of them was fit 
for an ocean voyage. Columbus sailed in the Santa Maria, 
and the two caravels were commanded by the brothers Martin 
Alonzo Pinzon {peen-thon) and Vincente Yaiiez {yahn'-yeth) 
Pinzon. On the morning of their departure the whole expe- 
dition confessed and received Holy Communion. 




The Route of Columbus. 

10. They sailed first to the Canary Islands. Thence 
Columbus was persuaded that by keeping due west for about 
twenty-two hundred miles he should reach the island of Ci- 
pango, or Japan, which he supposed to lie in about the situa- 
tion actually occupied by Florida. His men became alarmed 
at the length of the voyage, and were on the point of mutiny 
when, on the night of the nth of October, 1492, the thirty- 
sixth . day after leaving the Canary Islands, Columbus saw a 
light, and at two o'clock on the following morning land was 
made out from the Pinta. 

11. Landing on San Salvador. — Soon after daylight they 



First Voyage of Columbus. 



19 



landed on a beautiful island, one of the group now known 
as the Bahamas. Columbus gave it the name of San Salva- 
dor. The natives called it Guanahani {gwah-?iah-hah' -nee). 
Reaching the shore the discoverers fell on their knees to 




The Landing of Columbus. 

thank God, and then, planting the cross and the Spanish 
standard, took solemn possession of the island in the name 
of Ferdinand and Isabella, while the natives crowded about 
them and revered them as superior beings descended from 
heaven. 

12. Columbus in the West Indies. — In the course of twelve 
weeks Columbus visited several of the Bahamas, discovered 
Cuba, which he supposed to be part of the mainland of Asia, 
visited the island of Hayti {hay'-tee), naming it Hispanio'la, 
or Little Spain, and leaving thirty-nine men to form a colony 
on its coast; then, after losing, the Santa Maria by ship- 
wreck, he sailed again for Spain, 



20 AbiHdged History of the United States. 

13. Columbus Returns to Spain. — He re-entered the port 
of Palos, March 15, 1493, after an absence of seven months. 
Extraordinary honors were lavished upon him, and he was 
conducted in triumph to the court of Barcelona, taking with 
him several Indians and a quantity of gold, curious birds and 
animals, and other products of the New World. A second 
expedition was immediately fitted out under his command. 
It consisted of seventeen ships and fifteen hundred men, well 
supplied with everything necessary for the establishment of a 
colony. Twelve missionaries accompanied the fleet, one of 
them, Father Bernardo Boyle, a Benedictine, having the rank 
of vicar-apostolic. 

14. Second Voyage of Columbus. — Columbus sailed on his 
second voyage September 25, 1493. He found the settlement 
on the island of Hispaniola in ruins and all the colonists 
dead, their excesses having provoked the hostility of the 
natives. After building a town, which he called Isabella, 
erecting a church, and making arrangements to collect gold, 
he explored the coasts of Hispaniola and Cuba, discovered 
Jamaica, Porto Rico (^ree-co), and other islands, and on his 
return to Spain left his brother Bartholomew in command of 
the settlement. 

15. Third Voyage of Columbus and Discovery of the Main- 
land.— On his third voyage, in 1498, he discovered the South 
American continent and entered the mouth of the river 
Orino'co. Mutinies, however, broke out in the colony. The 
misconduct of the Spaniards thwarted the labors of the mis- 
sionaries, turned the amiable natives into cruel enemies, and 
lessened the expected profits of the crown. The intrigues of 
dissatisfied and avaricious adventurers made so much im- 
pression upon the court that an ofiicer was sent out to inves- 
tigate the affairs of the colony. He listened to everything 
that was said against the admiral, and finally sent him home 
in chains. Isabella, indignant at this outrage, caused Co- 
lumbus to be honored with new marks of the royal favor ; 
but he was never restored to his government, and after the 



Voyages of Cabot, OJeda, and Coriereal. 2 1 

death of the queen, Ferdinand treated hmi with neglect and 
injustice. 

16. Fourth Voyage of Columbus; His Death. — He made 
a fourth voyage in 1502, in the hope of discovering a passage 
from the Caribbean Sea into the Indian Ocean, and on this 
expedition, which was crowded with disaster, he explored 
part of the coast of Central America. He died in poverty 
and distress at Valladolid {val-lak-do-lid') in 1506. He never 
knew that he had found a new world, but supposed to the 
last that he had reached eastern Asia. 

17. Cabot Discovers the North American Continent. — In 
the meantime other expeditions had followed in the path 
pointed out by Columbus. John Cabot, a Venetian, sailed 
from England with a single vessel, under a commission from 
Henry VII., and on June 24, 1497, discovered the North 
American continent, more than a year before the mainland of 
South America was seen by Columbus. He traced the coast 
from Labrador or Cape Breton to Virginia. His son Sebas- 
tian the next year made another voyage, and sailed from New- 
foundland to Cape Hatteras. 

18. The Spaniards and Vespucci. — These English voyages 
had no immediate result. The Spaniards prosecuted their 
discoveries in South America with great energy, their most dis- 
tinguished adventurer being Alonzo de Ojeda (o-hay' -daJi), 
one of the companions of Columbus. Ojeda was accompanied 
by a Florentine merchant named Amerigo Vespucci {a-mer- 
ee'-go ves-poflt'-chee), who afterwards made a voyage of his own 
to Brazil and wrote the first published account of the New 
World. His work excited so much interest that the fresh- 
found land was called America in his honor. 

19. Voyages of Cortereal. — A Portuguese expedition under 
Caspar Cortereal {cor-tay-ray-at) was sent to look for a north- 
ern route to India in 1500. Either on this voyage or a second 
one, in 1501, Cortereal explored the American coast for five 
hundred or six hundred miles, being stopped by ice in the 
Gulf of St. Lawrence. He seized a number of Indians as 



21 Abridged History of the United States. 



slaves, and called the country Labrador, a name which was 
afterwards transferred to a region further north. Cortereal 
never returned from his second voyage, and his fate is un- 
known. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. Who were the earliest known inhabitants of America? 

2. When was Greenland discovered ? Describe Eric's vo)^ages. 

3. What is said of Christianity in Greenland ? What was the fate 
of the colonies ? 

4. What was the idea of Columbus ? What was his theory of the 
earth ? 

5. What religious motives impelled him ? 

6. To whom did he apply for aid ? 

7. How was he received in Spain ? 

8. How did the queen at last help him ? 

9. When did he sail ? From what port ? Describe his fleet. 

10. Describe the vo3'age. When was land seen ? 

11. What was this land ? Describe the lauding of Columbus. 

12. Give an account of the rest of the voyage. 

13. How was Columbus received on his return ? 

14. Give an account of his second vo3^age. 

15. What did he discover on his third vo)'age ? When? How did 
the voyage end ? 

16. Describe his fourth voyage. Did he ever known the extent of 
his discoveries ? 

17. Who discovered the continent of North America? Describe the 
voyages of the Cabots. 

18. Who was Ojeda? From whom was America named ? 

19. What did Cortereal discover? 



CHAPTER II. 

The Spanish Explorers — Ponce de Leon, Ayllon, Narvaez, De 
Soto— The First Missionaries— The Spaniards and Hugue- 
N./rs in Florida— St. Francis Borgia and Pope St. Pius V. 
AND the Indians. 

1. Character of the Spanish Explorers. — The first Spanish 
explorers of the New World were animated by a thirst for 
daring adventure and a zeal for the Catholic religion which 
resembled the chivalrous enthusiasm of the Crusaders. But 
they had not the piety, pure sentiment, benevolence, and un- 
selfish ambition of Columbus ; and while they invited mis- 
sionaries to accompany their expeditions, in order to convert 
the savages, they were not willing to submit themselves to the 
instructions of these religious guides. 

2. Next to the fascination of bold enterprise their chief 
impulse was a love of gold. The small quantity of that pre- 
cious metal which they saw in the possession of the natives 
convinced them that there were mines and rich cities in the 
interior, and many hundreds of lives were lost in searching 
for them. 

3. The Indians were distributed as slaves among the con- 
querors, and compelled to dig in mines, to cultivate the 
ground, and to serve instead of beasts of burden. Under 
hardships for which their previous way of life had not pre- 
pared them they died with awful rapidity. Queen Isabella 
suppressed these cruel abuses, but they were revived after 
her death. Bartholomew de Las Casas, the first priest or- 
dained in the New World, devoted himself with extraordi- 
nary ardor to the relief of the poor natives, and made several 
voyages to Spain to demand redress from the crown. 

4. At his instigation. Cardinal Ximenes {Jie-may -nez), the 
minister of Charles V., appointed a commission of eccle- 
siastics tQ devise a scheme of reform, and Las Casas was 

23 



24 Abridged History of the United States. 

honored with the title of Protector-General of the Indians. 
He afterwards became a Dominican and Bishop of Chiapa 
{che-ah'-pah) in Mexico, continuing his zealous labors in the 
face of great opposition, and encouraging his Dominican 
brethren in that enlightened care for the welfare of the 
Indians for which the missionaries of that order were so 
highly distinguished. 

5. Rapid Progress of Discovery and Settlement. — Al- 
though the avarice and rapacity of the Spaniards continu- 
ally thwarted the work of the missions, the material growth 
of their colonies was very rapid. The settlements in Cuba, 
Hispaniola, and other islands became points of departure 
for many important expeditions to the mainland. Within 
four or five years of the death of Columbus they occupied 
the coasts of Central America and Southern Mexico, every- 
where forming colonies, collecting gold, silver, dye-stuffs, 
and other valuable products, and setting up royal governors, 
who pushed their discoveries still further and further. 

6. The South Sea, or the ocean washing the shores of 
Asia, was found in 15 13 by Vasco Nunez {noo/i-yet/i) de 
Balbo'a, who crossed the Isthmus of Panama, and, wading 
into the Pacific, took possession of it in the name of the 
Spanish sovereign. Mexico was visited by Cor'dova in 15 17 ; 
Cortes sailed from Havana to conquer it in 1519 ; Pizar'ro 
went from Panama to the conquest of Peru in 1531. 

7. Discovery of Florida. — Before this, however, the Span- 
iards had crossed over to the present territory of the United 
States. Six years after the death of Columbus, Ponce de 
Leon {pone'-tha-da-la-on') sailed from Porto Rico in search 
of a land towards the north where it was reported that gold 
abounded, and a fountain bubbled up in the forest whose 
waters conferred upon all who drank of them the gift of 
perpetual youth. 

8. He discovered Florida in 1512, and gave it the name 
by which it is still known, because he first saw it on Easter 
Sunday, which the Spaniards called Pascua de Flores, or 



The Early Spanish Explorers. 25 

the pasch of flowers. De Leon returned in 15 21 with the 
first expedition which undertook the conquest of any part 
of the United States, but he was driven away mortally 
wounded. 

9. Ayllon. — Vasquez {vahs -keth) de Ayllon (ile-yofi) re- 
newed the attempt in 1525 with six hundred men, explored 
the coast as far north as Maryland, and made several expe- 
ditions inland ; but three-fourths of the party, including the 
commander, perished miserably. 

10. Narvaez and the First Missionaries. — Panfilo de 
Narvaez i^pan-fee-lo-da-nar-vaJi-etJi) led an expedition into 
Florida in 1528, looking for gold, and was lost witli his 
whole company except four men, who coasted along the 
Gulf of Mexico in a canoe, and finally, after six years' wan- 
dering, reached the Spanish settlements on the Gulf of 
Mexico. Narvaez was accompanied by several missionaries, 
the first within the present limits of the United States. They 
all perished without the opportunity of making any establish- 
ment. 

11. De Soto on the Mississippi. — Hernando de Soto 
landed at Tampa Bay, Florida, in 1539. With nearly a thou- 
sand men, prepared for conquest and colonization, he moved 
inland, searching for gold and pearls, and everywhere pillag- 
ing and outraging the Indians. After two years of march- 
ing and fighting he discovered the Mississippi River (1541), 
crossing it not far from the present site of Memphis. Worn 
out with misfortunes, De Soto died in 1542 and was buried 
in the waters of the river. 

12. The remnant of his expedition, after fruitless attempts 
to reach the coast by a land march, built boats on the river, 
forging nails from the fetters of their Indian slaves, twisting 
cordage from the bark of the mulberry, and using Indian 
mantles for sails. Thus they descended to the Gulf and 
reached the Spanish settlement of Panuco, in Mexico. They 
were in sad plight, having been absent four years, lost two- 
thirds of their number, and accomplished nothing of value, 



26 Abridged History of tJie United States. 

The missionaries who set out with them could do nothing 
in the face of the excesses of the soldiers, and all oi them 
died during the expedition. 

13. Dominican Martyrs in Florida. — In 1549 the Domini- 
can Father Cancer made an heroic attempt to establish the 
faith in Florida without the help of arms. The Spanish 
king, Philip II., placed a ship at his disposal, and he sailed 
with three other Dominicans from Havana, first publishing a 
royal decree to release all natives of Florida held in slavery. 
He landed at Api)alachee Bay, and was immediately put to 
death l)y the Indians, the expedition being thereupon aban- 
doned. 

14. Spaniards at Pensacola. — Ten years later Don Tristan 
de Luna sailed from Mexico with a considerable fleet, sol- 
diers and their wives, and a number of priests, to attempt 
the colonization of Florida. He landed in Pensacola Bay, 
but encountered only misfortunes, and abandoned the enter- 
prise after two years' trials. 

15. Spaniards in New Mexico. — Meanwhile the Spanish 
colonists in Mexico sent out expeditions which penetrated 
into the territory now belonging to the United States, and 
examined the coast of California. The Franciscan Father 
Mark, of Nice, led a small party of discovery into New 
Mexico in 1539, and took back reports of a civilization quite 
different from the rude condition of most of the North 
American tribes. He gave such accounts of some large 
towns, known as the Seven Cities of Cibola, which he had 
seen from a distance, that the viceroy of Mexico sent an ex- 
pedition under Vasquez de Coronado to explore the region 
{1540), Father Mark and four other Franciscans making part 
of the company. 

16. The seven cities proved to be poor towns, and the 
Spaniards returned disappointed. Father John de Padilla 
and Brother John of the Cross remained to found a mission 
among the Indians, but they were soon martyred. The same 
fate befell three Franciscans — Father Rodriguez, Father I/O- 



First Scttlei}icnt in the United States. 27 

pez, and Father John de Santa Maria — who attempted to 
Christianize New Mexico in 1580, 

17. Settlement of St. Augustine ; Massacre of the French. 
— 'I'he first permanent settlement in what is now the United 
States was made by the Spaniards at St. Augustine, Florida, 
in September, 1565. French Huguenot adventurers had es- 
tablished themselves on the St. John's River of Florida a short 
time before this, and engaged in piracy and gold-hunting. A 
Spanish fleet under Pedro Melendez (jna-ien -deth) was sent 
to destroy all French settlements within the territory of which 
Spain claimed ownership. Melendez fell upon the Hugue- 
nots, massacred most of them, and then founded St. Augus- 
tine. 

18. Massacre of Spanish Settlers. — Three years after the 
massacre of the' Huguenots a French adventurer, Dominic 
de Gourgues {deh-goorg'), having fitted out an expedition at 
his own risk, sailed for the Spanish settlements on the St. 
John's, and, with the help of the Indians, destroyed three 
forts and slew four or five hundred men. St. Augustine, 
however, was not attacked. 

19. The Jesuit Missions in Florida. — Very soon after the 
Spaniards had established themselves in Florida the condi- 
tion of the missions in that part of the world attracted the 
particular attention of St. Francis Borgia, the general of the 
Society of Jesus. He sent Father Peter Martinez with two 
associates to attempt the conversion of the natives ; but Fa- 
ther Martinez was immediately put to death by the savages 
near St. Augustine (1566), and his companions went to Ha- 
vana to prepare themselves for further attempts by learning 
the languages of the Florida tribes from the slaves held in 
that settlement. The Father-General sent out a number of 
other missionaries, with Father John Baptist Segura as vice- 
provincial (1568) ; an earnest effort was made by Father 
John Roger to plant mission settlements, and a school was 
established at Havana for the instruction of Indian converts 
and the training of missionaries. 



28 Abridged History of the United States, 



20. The Pope and the Spanish Settlers. — Pope St. Pius V. 
in 1569 addressed a brief to the viceroy, Melendez, commend- 
ing the missions to his care, and urging him especially to 
check the vices and immoralities of the colonists, which had 
thus far rendered the labors of the priests fruitless. " This," 
said the pontiff, " is the key of this holy work, in which is in- 
cluded the whole essence of your charge." 

21. Jesuits on the Rappahannock. — Several other at- 
tempts to establish the faith on the North American con- 
tinent having failed, Father 
Segura, with four other Jesuits, 
a baptized Indian chief called 
Don Luis, and four Indian 
boys from the school at Ha- 
vana, undertook in 1570 to 
found a mission on the Chesa- 
peake or Bay of St. Mary, far 
from any Spanish settlement. 
They built a chapel which 
they named Our Lady of Axa- 
can, probably on the Rappa- 
hannock, below the present 
site of Fredericksburg, Vir- 
ginia, and there spent a hard 

winter. Don Luis apostatized, and under his lead the In- 
dians massacred the whole party except one of the boys 
(February, 1571). The Jesuits after this abandoned the 
Florida mission and transferred themselves to Mexico. 

22. The Franciscans in Florida. — The Franciscans next 
attempted the conversion of the Indians. They had a con- 
vent at St. Augustine and a number of stations in the neigh- 
boring country, where they gathered the savages into villages 
and taught them the habits of civilization as well as the doc- 
trines of the faith. In 1597 nearly all these stations were de- 
stroyed and the friars put to death by a rising of the Indians. 
Other Franciscans arrived, however, four years later, and 




The Jesuit Teacher. 



The Missions in Florida and Netv Mexico. 29 

Florida was soon erected into the Franciscan province of St. 
Helena, so named from the convent at St. Augustine. 

23. In a short time the Franciscans had twenty convents 
or residences in the vast region which then went by the name 
of Florida ; and gradually they established settlements of 
Christian Indians far inland, which flourished for nearly a 
hundred years. They were greatly strengthened in 1693 by 
the founding of Pensacola, where the Spaniards made a for- 
tified settlement and dedicated it with great solemnity to the 
Blessed Virgin. 

24. Catholic Missions Destroyed by the English and the 
Indians. — The Spanish missions in Florida and Georgia were 
at last almost wholly destroyed by the English, who attacked 
them with the help of their pagan Indian allies, the Ala- 
bamas, and carried off the converts to be sold as slaves. In 
1705 the English and the Alabamas took St. Mark's, the 
chief settlement of the Appalachee mission, massacred eight 
hundred Indians and three friars, and carried off an immense 
number of slaves. 

25. The missions lasted, however, until Florida was ceded 
to England in 1763 ; then the Franciscans left the colony 
with most of the Spanish settlers, and the Christian Indians, 
being expelled from their churches and mission-buildings, 
were driven into the forests, where they lost all trace of faith 
and civilization, and became the fierce tribe known as Semi- 
noles, or " wanderers." 

26. Franciscans in New Mexico. — In the meantime Span- 
ish Franciscans had continued their missionary labors in 
New Mexico, where Santa Fe, the second permanent settle- 
ment in the United States, was founded by Don Antonio de 
Espejo [es-pay -ho) in 1582. The Catholic missionaries had 
prosperous communities of industrious and educated In- 
dians in New Mexico long before the Puritans established 
themselves in New England ; they had penetrated into Texas 
as early as 1544 ; and they had attempted the conversion of 
California, where the Carmelites and Jesuits were also pio- 



30 Abridged History of the United States, 

neers of the cross. The Spanish missions in all these 
regions lasted, with some interruptions, down to our day. 



QUESTIONS. 



I, 2. What was the character of the first Spanish explorers? 
3. How did they treat the Indians ? 

3, 4. Give an account of the labors of Las Casas. 

5. What is said of the Spanish settlements? 

6. Who discovered the Pacific ? Who conquered Mexico? Peru? 

7. 8. Who discovered Florida ? Why was it so named? 

9. Describe the voyage of De Ayllon. 

10. That of Narvaez. 

II, 12. That of De Soto. 

13. What did Father Cancer attempt? The result? 

14. Describe De Luna's expedition. 

15. What was, the expedition of Father Mark, of Nice? 

16. What came of it ? 

17. What was the first permanent settlement in the United States? 
What French settlement was formed in Florida? What became of it? 

18. How was the massacre avenged ? 

ig. What can you sa}^ of St, Francis Borgia ? What missionary en- 
terprises did he promote in the New World ? 

20. What did the pope urge the Spanish viceroy to do? 

21. Give an account of the Jesuit mission on the Rappahannock. 

22. What did the Franciscans undertake? 

23. Give some account of their missions. 

24. 25. What became of them? 

26. In what other region were the Franciscans at work ? What can 
you say of Santa Fe? Give an account of the New Mexico mission. 



CHAPTER III. 

The French Adventurers and Missionaries — Settlement of 
Canada — The Jesuits in Maine and New York — Explora- 
tion OF THE Mississippi — Marquette, Joliet, La Salle. 




.TI,'.'5\Vj.V»,0SS 



Marquette Sailing down the Mississippi. 

1. The French in the North. — While the Spaniards were 
exploring the southern part of the continent the French were 
making discoveries at the north. They visited Cape Breton 
and the mouth of the St, Lawrence at the beginning of the 
sixteenth century, and engaged in the cod-fishery off New- 
foundland. 

2. Verrazzano {vej^-rat-tsa/i -7io), an Italian employed by 
the French king, examined the coast from North Carolina 

31 



32 Abridged History of the United States. 

to Maine (1523), probably entered New York and Narra- 
ganset bays, and was the first to recognize that America was 
not a part of the Indies. James Cartier {car-te-ay') com- 
manded three French .expeditions to Newfoundland and 
Canada between 1534 and 1541. They were designed part- 
ly to open trade and partly for missionary enterprise, as were 
all the most important of the French ventures in America. 
Cartier was a religious man, and before sailing from St. 
Malo on his second voyage he and all his company assem- 
bled in the cathedral, where they received communion and 
were blessed by the bishop. Their attempts at colonization 
were not successful. 

3. Samuel Champlain, a pious and enterprising French 
Catholic, established a colony at Port Royal, in Acadia (Nova 
Scotia), in 1605, in partnership with a Protestant gentleman 
named De Monts. The royal patent, granting an extensive 
territory for this colony, stipulated that the savages should be 
taught the Catholic faith. Abandoned after two years by 
its original projectors, Port Royal became a central station 
for the Jesuit missions among the Indians (1610). 

4. This missionary establishment was indebted to the 
zeal and generosity of the Marchioness de Guercheville, a 
devout French lady, to whom De Monts ceded his patent 
and the French king afterwards granted the whole of New 
France — a name under which the French included not only 
Acadia and Canada but all the territory of what is now the 
United States. 

5. Mount Desert. — An expedition fitted out at Madame de 
Guercheville's cost landed on Mount Desert Island (Maine) 
in 16 1 3, and planted a missionary settlement which they 
named St. Sauveur (Holy Saviour). The company included 
three Jesuit priests — Fathers Masse, Biard, and Quentin — 
and a lay brother, Gilbert du Thet [tay). They were heartily 
welcomed by the Indians ; but hardly were they established 
when Captain Argall, a lawless English adventurer from Vir- 
ginia, made a descent upon them, claiming for his country- 



yesuit Missions in Canada and New York. '}^2) 

men the exclusive possession of all that region. He opened 
fire from his ship, killing Brother du Thet ; he pillaged and 
destroyed the mission ; sent Father Masse and some of the 
lay colonists to sea in an open boat, whence they were finally 
rescued by a French fisherman ; and carried the rest of the 
party to Virginia. There Fathers Biard and Quentin suf- 
fered a long captivity. Argall afterwards broke up the mis- 
sion at Port Royal with similar violence. 

6. Elsewhere at the North the French prospered. Cham- 
plain explored part of New York and discovered the lake 
which bears his name (1609). The Jesuits were very suc- 
cessful in the Canada mission, and also founded Christian 
villages among the Indians within the present limits of the 
United States from Maine to Wisconsin. 

7. Jesuits in New York. — The Huron and Algonquin 
tribes, among whom the Jesuits made so many converts, were 
attacked and finally destroyed or dispersed by the fierce Iro- 
quois, or Five Nations, of New York. In the course of this 
savage war the missions were broken up and many of the 
Jesuits were martyred. Among the most celebrated of this 
heroic band were Father Isaac Jogues, killed near Caugh- 
nawaga, New York, after the most horrible tortures (1646), 
and Fathers Lalemant and Brebeuf, who were fastened to 
stakes and slowly hacked to death at the mission of St. 
Ignatius (1649). The scene of Father Jogues' martyrdom 
is commemorated by a chapel erected near Auriesville, Mont- 
gomery County, in 1884. 

8. A few weeks before his death Father Jogues discov- 
ered Lake George and named it Lake of the Blessed Sac- 
rament, because the day was the feast of Corpus Christi. 
After the destruction of the Huron missions the surviving 
priests soon returned, and began the still more dangerous 
task of converting the victorious and savage Iroquois. 

9. Marq[uette on the Mississippi. — In 1673 the Jesuit 
Father Marquette {ket'^, who had been for several years a 
missionary among the fugitive Hurons on Lake Michigan, 



34 Abridged History of the United States. 



succeeded in reaching the Mississippi by crossing Wiscon- 
sin. His -object was to open the way for further missiona- 
ry efforts. He was accompanied by Louis Joliet {zhole -e-ay), 
a fur-trader commissioned by the governor of Canada to seek 
a passage by this route to the South Sea, as the river, of 
which earlier missionaries had given some report, was sup- 
posed to empty into the Guh" of California. 

10, Marquette and Joliet floated down the Mississippi 
in bark canoes as far as the mouth of the Arkansas, and on 
their discoveries the French established their claims to the 
great West. Afterwards, under the orders of Frontenac, 
governor of Canada, La Salle explored the Mississippi to 
the Gulf of Mexico. In 1684 he attempted to found a Colo- 
ny at the mouth of the great river, but he was killed in a 
revolt of his men, and the expedition ended in disaster. 



QUESTIONS. 

I. What part of the continent were the Spaniards exploring? What 
were the French doing in the meanwhile ? 

2 Who found out that America was not a part of the Indies? 
Give an account of Verrazzano's voA^age. Of the vo3^ages of Cartier. 

3. Who founded Port Ro3^al ? What did this settlement become? 

4. Wlio was the principal supporter of the Port Royal establish- 
ment? 

5. Give an account of the setdement on Mount Desert. How was 
it broken up? What became of the missionaries? 

6. What discovery did Champlain make in New York? 

7. How were the Jesuit missions among the Hurons of New York 
broken up? Give an account of some of the most distinguished of 
the missionaries. What memorial of Father Jogues has been erected ? 

8. What did Father Jogues discover? What did the Jesuits do 
after the destruction of the Huron missions? 

9. What is said of Father Marquette? Who was his companion? 
What was Joliet seeking? 

10 Describe their voyage. That of La Salle. 



CHAPTER IV. 

First English Settlements— Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Walter 
Raleigh — The Plymouth and London Companies — The Dutch 
— Claims of the European Powers. 

1. Early English Voyages. — Although the English claimed 
a large part of the continent in right of Cabot's discovery 
(1497), it was nearly eighty years before they made any seri- 
ous attempt to explore it. Martin Frobisher made three voy- 
ages (1576-1578) in search of a northwest passage to India, 
and ^ave his name to the strait which leads into Hudson's 
Bay. John Davis made three voyages with the same object 
(1585-1587), and discovered the strait called by his name 
which opens into Baffin's Bay. 

2. The English on the Pacific. — Sir Francis Drake in the 
meantime had reached the Pacific by the Strait of Magellan 
(1578), pillaged the Spanish settlements in Peru and Chili, 
and taken possession of California in the name of Queen 
Elizabeth, and, after a vain attempt to find a northern pas- 
sage to the Atlantic, had returned to England by the Cape of 
Good Hope, thus circumnavigating the globe — a feat which 
no one except the Portuguese Magellan had performed before. 

3. Sir Humphrey Gilbert. — The first Englishman to under- 
take the colonization of the American continent was Sir Hum- 
phrey Gilbert. His half-brother, Walter Raleigh (raw'-le), 
one of the most gallant of Elizabeth's courtiers, was associat- 
ed with him in the enterprise and bore a large share of the 
cost. 

4. Gilbert sailed in 1587 with five ships and two hundred 
and sixty men, and took possession of Newfoundland, where 
he collected some worthless mineral which he supposed to be 
silver. The colonists .became mutinous and discontented, 
and abandoned the enterprise, and on the way home Gilbert's 
ship went down with all on board. 

35 



36 Abridged Histoj^y of the United States. 

5. Sir Walter Raleigh. — Raleigh now took up Sir Hum- 
phrey's task and sent out two ships, commanded by PhiHp 
Amidas and Arthur Barlow (1584), to explore further. They 
sailed along the coast of North Carolina, landed on Roanoke 
Island, and brought home glowing accounts of the mildness 
of the climate, the fertility of the country, and the friendly 
disposition of the Indians. Raleigh was knighted as a reward 
for his enterprise, and received certain trading monopolies ; 
and in compliment to his patroness, the "virgin queen," he 
called the new land Virginia. 

6. The next spring (1585) Raleigh sent out a hundred set- 
tlers under Ralph Lane to form a permanent colony. They 
began a town on Roanoke Island ; but provoking the hostility 
of the Indians, and neglecting to raise corn in order to hunt 
for gold, they were soon in dire straits. Sir Francis Drake 
visited Roanoke the following year, after a cruise against 
the Spaniards in which he had pillaged and burned St. 
Augustine, and the colonists all took passage with him to 
England. 

7. They carried tobacco with them, and Raleigh made 
smoking fashionable in England, though the Portuguese had 
introduced the plant into Portugal and France nearly thirty 
years before. Tobacco was the only tangible result of his 
attempts to settle Virginia, and he got no advantage from it. 

8. The colonists had hardly departed when Sir Richard 
Grenville arrived at Roanoke with supplies for them. He 
left fifteen men to hold the abandoned post, and returned to 
England, where Raleigh immediately fitted out a new colony 
of one hundred and fifty men and women, with John White 
for governor (1587). Again Roanoke Island was found de- 
serted, and the fate of the fifteen men left there by Grenville 
was never ascertained. 

9. White landed his party, and re-embarked for England 
to ask for further help. But the English nation was then 
putting forth all its resources to resist the threatened invasion 
by the Spanish Armada ; it was three years before White 



The Fii^st Dutch Explore^''. 37 

could return to his post, and when he arrived there the third 
colony had disappeared like the second. Nobody knows 
what became of it. Raleigh could do no more, and a few 
years later he was accused of treason and his grants were for- 
feited. 

10. Bartholomew Gosnold. — In 1602 a new direction was 
given to adventure in America by the voyage of Bartholomew 
Gosnold, who, instead of following the track of the earlier ad- 
venturers by way of the West Indies, took a northern route, 
discovered and named Cape Cod, and began a settlement on 
Cuttyhunk Island in Buzzard's Bay. The colony did not 
succeed ; but Gosnold's favorable reports led to other at- 
tempts in the same region. 

11. The Plymouth and London Companies. — Finally King 
James I. granted letters patent to a number of gentlemen of 
London, Bristol, and Plymouth for the privileges of trade and 
settlement in all the territory between Cape Fear and the Bay 
of Fundy. There were to be two companies. The northern, or 
Plymouth Company, might occupy any part .of the coast north 
of latitude 38° ; the southern, or London Company, had the 
region south of latitude 41°. Thus the- grants overlapped 
each other, the coasts of Long Island, New Jersey, Delaware, 
and Maryland being left open to both. Each colony was to 
be governed by a resident council of thirteen members ap- 
pointed by the king, with power to choose one of their own 
number for president. Their laws were to be subject to re- 
vision by the king or his council in England, and the religion 
was to be that of the Protestant Establishment. 

12. The Dutch. — The middle region was settled by nei- 
ther of the English companies which had grants for it, but 
by the Dutch. Captain Henry Hudson, an Englishman em- 
ployed by the Dutch East India Company, sailed from Am- 
sterdam (1609) in a vessel called the Half- Moon to look for 
a passage to India around the northern coasts of Europe. 
Being stopped by the ice, he turned westward to try the 
American side, 



38 Abridged History of the United States. 

13. After coasting from Maine to the Chesapeake he en- 
tered the Bay of New York, September 3, two months after 
the French had first seen Lake Champlain. He discovered 
the river which now bears his name, and ascended beyond 
the present site of Albany. The next year (16 10) he made a 
voyage in the service of the Muscovy Company of London 




The Half-Moon ascending the Hudson Rivek. 



in search of a northwest passage, and discovered Hudson's 
Bay. On the way home his crew mutinied and sent him 
adrift with eight others in an open boat. Nothing more was 
ever heard of him. 

14. On the strength of Hudson's discoveries the Dutch 
claimed the coast from New Jersey to the Bay of Fundy, 
and gave it the name of New Netherland. They immedi- 
ately began a fur trade with the Indians on the Hudson, 



Spanish, French, Ejigtish, and Dutch Claims. 39 



then called the Mauritius {jnaw-risJi -i-iis) River, and in 
1 6 13 built a temporary fort on Manhattan Island, the site 
of the city of New York ; but their first permanent settle- 
ment was Fort Nassau, near Albany, built in 1614. 

15. Claims of the European Powers. — Thus there were 
four nations whose claims in America were more or less in 
conflict, none of them having any idea of the vast extent of 
the land which they assumed to own. The Spaniards con- 
fined their explorations to the south and the Pacific coast, 
but claimed everything north of them. Mexico and the coun- 
try thereabouts they called New Spain, and to the rest of the 
country they gave the general name of Florida. The French 
held Canada and part of the Northern States ; they claimed 
everything south of them, and called the whole New France. 
The English placed themselves midway between the French 
and Spanish settlements, claiming everything from New Eng- 
land and Carolina westward to the Pacific, and naming the 
country Virginia. The Dutch colony of New Netherland 
cut the English Virginia in two, separating the plantations 
of the London and Plymouth companies. 

16. The Spaniards aimed at conquering empires, rich in 
gold and silver, for the Spanish crown, establishing royal 
governments, and converting the Indians to Christianity. 
Missionaries always accompanied them, and ample provi- 
sion was made for their support. . The ambition of the 
French was to secure the valuable fur trade, fisheries, etc., 
by a chain of permanent settlements and trading-posts, and 
to make friends of the Indians both for their own security 
and as a barrier against English encroachments. The gov- 
ernment generally, but not uniformly, favored the missiona- 
ries, and the labors of these devoted men were from the first 
signally successful. The English adventurers at the outset 
were mere trading companies, and the Christianization of the 
savages formed no part of their original plan, except m the 
Catholic colony of Maryland. The Dutch also were traders 
who had no interest in missions. 



4o Abridged History of the United States, 



QUESTIONS. 

1. Upon what did the English found their claims in North Ame- 
rica ? Tell me something about the voyages of Frobisher. Of Davis. 

2. Of Francis Drake. 

3. Who was the first Englishman to attempt the colonization of the 
American continent? Who was associated with him in the venture? 

4. Give an account of the enterprise. 

5. What did Raleigh undertake? How did he name the country 
discovered by his expedition? 

6. Give an account of the first Roanoke colony, 

7. What did the colonists carr}'^ home with them? 

8. What is the history of the second Roanoke colony? 

9. Of the third ? 

10. What was done by Bartholomew Gosnold ? 

11. Describe the grants to the Plymouth and London companies. 

12. What nation settled the middle region of the Atlantic coast? 
Who was Henry Hudson ? 

13. What did he discover? What was his fate? 

14. What use did the Dutch make of their discoveries? 

15. What four nations were now engaged in the settlement of Ame- 
rica ? Give a brief account of the claims of each. 



CHAPTER V. 

The English in Virginia— Captain John Smith— Pocahontas- 
Powhatan. 



1. The London Company.— The earliest attempts at colo- 
nization under the new English patent were made by the Ply- 
mouth Company, but these failed, and it was reserved for 
the London Company of Virginia to establish the first per- 
manent English settlement in the New World. 

2. In December, 1606, the London Company despatched 
a fleet of three small vessels, commanded by Captain Christo- 
pher Newport, and carrying one hundred and five colonists. 
Twenty of the settlers were mechanics, and the rest were 
soldiers, servants, and idle 

gentlemen ; there were no 
women among them. Gos- 
nold, Wingfield, Hunt (a 
minister of the Church of 
England), Percy (a brother 
of the Earl of Northumber- 
land), and John Smith, an 
Englishman who had distin- 
guished himself by some re- 
markable adventures in the 
wars against the Turks, were 
the most important members 
of the party. 

3. They took the long 
route by the West Indies, 

and made a voyage of nearly four months. In April, 1607, 
they entered Chesapeake Bay, and on the 13th of May they 
chose the site of their settlement on King's (afterward 
called James) River, and began the building of Jamestown, 

41 




4^ Abridged History of the United States. 

naming both the stream and the town after King James I. 
This was the third permanent settlement by Europeans in 
the United States, and the first by Englishmen. 

4. Captain John Smith. — The settlers quarrelled from the 
first. Wingfield, their president, was soon deposed and suc- 
ceeded by Ratcliffe, but affairs were not improved by the 
change, and Captain John Smith became by common consent 
the real leader of the party. He suppressed mutinies, com- 
pelled the idle to work, kept off attacks by the savages, and 
saved the colony from starvation by inducing the Indians to 
supply them with corn. 

5. On one of his expeditions he was captured by the 
savages. Showing them a pocket-compass, he so much 
excited their wonder at the motion of the needle that they 
treated him as a superior being. Their amazement was in- 
creased when they found that a letter, which they allowed 
him to send to Jamestown, could "talk," and was quickly 
answered by the arrival of articles he had sent for. 

6. Pocahontas. — There is a popular story that when Smith 
was about to be killed by order of the powerful chief Pow- 
hatan, and the club was raised to beat out his brains, the 
chief's daughter, Pocahontas, a girl of ten or twelve years, 
threw herself on the captive's neck and saved his life. This 
romantic tale is now regarded as a fiction ; but it is certain 
that Pocahontas was of great use to the colonists on many 
occasions. 

7. Reaching Jamestown after seven weeks' absence. 
Smith found the colony in great misery. Only forty men 
were left, and, though Newport returned twice in i6o8 with 
other emigrants, they were mostly vagabond gentlemen like 
the first. The whole company gave themselves up to gold- 
hunting, and loaded the ships with useless earth, which they 
supposed to contain the precious metal. A fourth and still 
larger party, sent out in 1609, was still worse than the first, 
second, and third. 

8. The raising of food was neglected, and a famine was 



The English Settlement of Virginia. 43 



only alleviated by the generosity of Pocahontas, who often 
brought food to the settlement in her canoe. On one occa- 
sion she averted a general massacre of the whites by bringing 
them information at night of an intended attack. The un- 
grateful colonists, after Smith had left the country, made her 
a prisoner and demanded a ransom. Powhatan was too in- 
dignant even to answer them. In captivity she was baptized, 
took the name of Rebecca, and married John Rolfe, one of 
the colonists, who went with her to England and presented 
her at court. She died suddenly as she was about to return 
to America, leaving a son, who became the ancestor of an 
honorable Virginia family. 

9. Smith was regularly elected president in 1608, and 
affairs began to mend, but, being injured by an accidental 
explosion of gunpowder, he went to England in 1609 for 
surgical aid, and never returned. His departure was nearly 
fatal to the settlement. He left four hundred and ninety 
colonists, and in six months only sixty remained alive. 

10. Lord Delaware. — In June, 1610, the survivors aban- 
doned Jamestown, and, having constructed some small ves- 
sels, were on their way to Newfoundland, hoping to be taken 
care of by English fishermen there, when they met a fleet in 
the James River coming to their aid. It carried abundant 
supplies and a large party of settlers, led by Lord Delaware 
(De la Warr), who, under a new charter granted to the 
London Company, had been appointed governor of Virginia 
for life. The deser^ting colonists and the new arrivals re- 
turned to the settlement together with great rejoicing. 

11. From this time Jamestown prospered. The lands 
had been held in community, but each man now received 
and cultivated a share for himself ; industry was encouraged ; 
valuable crops of tobacco were sent home to England ; new 
settlements were commenced on the James. Powhatan, after 
the marriage of his daughter, became a steady friend of the 
whites ; and before long respectable young women were sent 
out as wives for the planters. Under Governor Yeardley 



44 Abridged History of the United States. 

an important change was made in the form of administra- 
tion. A representative assembly was summoned (1619), the 
first legislature ever elected in America ; and thus was laid 
the foundation for that popular form of government which 
soon prevailed throughout all the colonies. 



QUESTIONS. 



1. Which of the English companies made the first permanent settle- 
ment in the New World ? 

2. Give an account of their first colony. 

3. Where did it land ? When? 

4. Who became the real leader of the colony ? 

5. What is told of his capture by the Indians? 

6. 8, Give the story of Pocahontas. 

7. How did the colonists conduct themselves? 

g. What was the consequence of Smith's return to England ? 

10. How was the colony saved from being broken up? 

11. What important changes contributed to its prosperity? What 
is said of the assembly summoned in 1619 ? 



CHAPTER VI. 

Virginia Continued — Political Development — Character of the 

Colony. 

1. The First American Constitution. — In 162 1 the Lon- 
don Company granted to the Virginia colony a written 
constitution, the first ever established in America. The 
authority was confided to a Governor and Council appointed 
by the company, and an Assembly consisting of the Council 
and a House of Burgesses elected by the people. Laws 
enacted by the Assembly required the assent of the governor 
and of the company in England. Nobody as yet held the 
idea that the people were capable of ruling themselves. The 
orders of the company, however, had to be ratified by the 
colonists. 

2. Indian Hostilities.— After the death of Powhatan the 
savages, led by Opecancanough, the brother of that chief, 
determined upon the destruction of all the English. On the 
2 2d of March, 1622, they suddenly attacked the scattered 
plantations, and massacred three hundred and fifty persons. 

3. In a few days the number of settlements was reduced 
from eighty to eight. The colonists gathered in fortified 
towns, and a bloody Indian war began, in which the savages 
suffered severely, but the English also were greatly reduced. 
Another massacre, in which three hundred persons perished, 
took place April 18, 1644. Opecancanough was made pris- 
oner two years later, and died in captivity, and the red men 
were gradually driven back from the coast, and left the 
fertile lands of that region to the white colonists. 

4. Political Changes. — There had long been disagree- 
ments between King James I., who was jealous of his au- 
thority, and the London Company, which, in asserting its 

45 



4-6 Abridged History of the United States. 

rights over the colony, was also contending for political lib- 
erties. In 1624, after an unsuccessful attempt to induce the 
colonists to surrender their privileges, James cancelled the 
charter and the company was dissolved, Virginia was now 
a royal province, but for several years there was no change 
in its local government. 

6. King Charles I. allowed the colonists in practice to 
rule themselves. They levied their own taxes, and, as the 
crown was too much occupied with other things to pay 
attention to them, they became almost an independent state. 
Under the rule of the Parliament they secured the right of 
electing their own governor ; but after the restoration of 
Charles II, an aristocratic party got control of the colonial 
legislature, restricted the privilege of voting to the land- 
owners, kept the Assembly in power without regard to the 
term for which it had been elected, imposed severe taxes, 
and paid every member of the Assembly two hundred and 
fifty pounds of tobacco a day, which, according to the 
present value of money, would be worth about forty-five 
dollars, 

6. Navigation Laws. — The dissatisfaction of the settlers 
was increased by oppressive navigation laws passed by the 
English Parliament in 1660 and 1663, which forbade them to 
buy or sell in any country except England, or export their 
produce in any except English vessels. These unjust and un- 
wise laws, enacted for the benefit of avaricious English mer- 
chants, gave a severe blow to the industry of all the Ameri- 
can colonies by raising the price of everything they needed 
to buy, and lowering the price of everything they had to sell. 

7, Bacon's Rebellion. — The Virginians were ready for 
revolt when an Indian war broke out on the border of Mary- 
land (1675), The colonists armed themselves for defence 
under the command of a popular young planter named Na- 
thaniel Bacon ; but the governor, Sir William Berkeley, dis- 
trusted Bacon, declared him a rebel, and collected a military 
force to oppose him. 



First Settlers of Virginia ; Negro Slavery. 47 



8. This was a signal for insurrection. Bacon first pun- 
ished the Indians, and then marched against Jamestown, 
which he burned to the ground (Sept., 1676), but in the midst 
of his success he died of fever, and his followers were soon 
overcome. Gov. Berkeley treated the insurgents with the 
most cruel severity, causing twenty-two to be hanged. Soon 
afterward, to the great joy of the Virginians, he returned to 
England, where he died in disgrace. '' The old fool," said 
King Charles II., '' has taken away more lives in that naked 
country than I did here for the murder of my father." 

9. Character of the Settlers. — A large proportion of the 
first settlers of Virginia were men of good family, attracted 
to the new world by the desire to make money and to enjoy 
personal freedom. Many of them secured patents for plan- 
tations of their own, instead of attempting to improve the 
lands in common, and brought out laborers at their private 
expense. Thus large estates were founded, and a strong 
aristocratic element was infused into society. 

10. A great deal of the work was done by white convicts 
from England, sold into servitude for a term of years as a 
punishment for felonies or political offences. Prisoners of 
the Scottish and civil wars were thus sold by the English 
government, just as Cromwell sold Irish Catholics into slav- 
ery in the West Indies. At the end of their term of service 
these convicts (many of whom were not criminals but politi- 
cal victims of tyranny) became the equals of the other colo- 
nists. Young women and children were kidnapped in Eng- 
land and sold to the planters. The first women sent out as 
wives for the settlers were also sold. 

11. In 1619 a cargo of Africans was brought to Virginia 
by a Dutch vessel. This was the origin of negro slavery in 
the English colonies of America, but for many years the 
number of slaves was very small. The first colony to estab- 
lish slavery by law was Massachusetts, and the Puritans of 
Boston engaged in the slave trade as soon as they had any 
commerce at all, 



48 Abridged History of the United States. 

12. Religion. — The Protestant Church of England was 
established by law ; attendance at the service was made com- 
pulsory ; Protestants of other denominations were fined or 
expelled ; " novelties " in religion were forbidden ; all " pop- 
ish priests " were to be sent out of the colony within five 
days after their arrival ; and Lord Baltimore, who visited 
Jamestown on a tour of observation, was promptly ordered 
away because he was a Catholic. 



QUESTIONS. 



1. What was granted to the Virginia colony in 1621 ? To whom 
was authority confided ? Under what restraints? 

2, 3. Describe the Indian massacres under Opecancanough. 

4. Wh}' was the London Company dissolved ? 

5. How did the colonists now conduct their government? What 
change occurred under Charles II. ? 

6. What oppressive laws were enforced against the colonists? 
What was their effect? 

7. 8. Give an account of Bacon's Rebellion. 

Q. What was tiie character of the Virginia settlers ? 

10. What was the laboring class ? 

ir. When and how were slaves introduced ? 

12. What is said of the religion of the settlers ? 



CHAPTER VII. 

New England — The Pilgrims— State and Church — The Quakers 

— Roger Williams. 



1. Captain John Smith in New England. — New England 
was so named at the suggestion of Captain John Smith, who 
made a successful trading and fishing voyage to that part of 
the country in 1614, and drew a map of the coasts. Hunt, 




Map of New England. 

the captain of one of Smith's two vessels, carried off twenty- 
seven Indians and sold them as slaves in Spain, where some 
of them were ransomed by a pious confraternity and sent 
home. 

2, The Great Patent.— After several feeble attempts at 

49 



50 Abridged History of the United States. 

settlement, the Plymouth Company obtained from King 
James I. in 1620 a new concession, since known as the 
" Great Patent." Forty persons were incorporated as the 
Council for New England, with full powers of government 
and privileges of trade within the territory extending from 
latitude 40° to latitude 48°, or from the middle of New Jer- 
sey to St. John's, Newfoundland. 

3. The Pilgrims. — The first permanent settlement, how- 
ever, within the limits of their grant was made without their 
help by a company of English Puritans, who thus became the 
fathers of New England. The Protestant Church of Eng- 
land, having rebelled against the authority of the Holy See, 
persecuted with almost equal severity the other Protestant 
sects and the Catholics. The name of Puritans was given to 
a party of Protestants who refused to follow the established 
form of worship, because they said it retained too many of 
the ceremonies of Rome. At first they agreed in most par- 
ticulars with the doctrines of the government church, though 
after a while their beliefs were greatly changed. 

4. Many of the Puritans fled to Holland in order to 
avoid the tyranny of the crown. In 1608 a number of Puri- 
tans from Nottinghamshire, making their escape from Eng- 
land with difficulty and loss, settled in Amsterdam, and 
thence, with their pastor, John Robinson, removed to Leyden. 
Not liking their hard life in Holland, they turned their 
thoughts towards America, and after various negotiations ob- 
tained a patent from the Virginia Company. To enable 
them to settle under this grant, a number of the Pilgrims, as 
they are now called, formed a joint-stock partnership with 
certain London merchants for the establishment of a trading, 
fishing, and planting company ; the merchants to furnish the 
money, the labor of every adult emigrant to be considered 
equivalent to one share of ^10, and all the profits to be 
divided at the end of seven years. 

5. They sailed from Delft Haven in July, in a small ves- 
sel called the Speedwell^ and at Southampton the greater part 



The Settlement of Nezv England, 5 1 

of them went aboard a larger ship, the Mayfloiver. The 
Speedwell proved unseaworthy and put back, and it was not 
until September 6, 1620, two months before the organization 
of the Council for New England, that the Mayflower alone 
sailed from Plymouth with one hundred and two Pilgrims, 
men, women, and children, led by Elder William Brewster. 
6. Landing of the Pilgrims. — On the nth of November 




Landing of the Pilgrims. 



they cast anchor in what is now the harbor of Provincetown, 
on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. This was far outside the limits 
of the Virginia Company, and, their patent being here of no 
use to them, they framed a scheme of government for them- 
selves. Before landing they drew up a written agreement 
" covenanting and combining themselves together into a civil 
body politic," and chose John Carver as governor. 

7. Exploring parties examined the sandy peninsula and 



52 Abridged History of the United States. 



•>. 



the opposite shore of the mainland, and on December 1 1 (old 
style, or December 21 new style) they chose for their home 
the site of what is now the town of Plymouth, Massachusetts. 
The 2 2d of December is wrongly observed as the anniversary 
of the landing ; but it was not until December 25 (old style) 
that the passengers disembarked on a rock still shown at Ply- 
mouth, and began the first house for their common use. It 

was nearly three months 
4^Z, before shelter was ready 

for all, and meanwhile 
many of them lived on 
the ship. They named 
the settlement New Ply- 
mouth. 

8. New Plymouth. — 
Like nearly all the first 
adventurers in America, 
they were ill-provided for 
life in the wilderness. 
They had little to eat ex- 
cept scanty and irregular 
supplies of fish, and no- 
thing to drink except 
water. At one time their 
store of corn was so small 
that, being divided, it gave 
only five kernels to each 
person. About half the 
emigrants perished during the winter. Governor Carver died 
in the spring, and William Bradford was elected his suc- 
cessor. Miles Standish, who had served as a soldier in the 
Low Countries, was entrusted with the military defence. 

9. Fortunately, the first Indians whom the colonists en- 
countered were well disposed, and they made a treaty of 
friendship with the powerful chief Massasoit, whose home was 
at Pokanoket, now Warren, Rhode Island. When Canonicus, 




Miles Standish 






Internal Dissensions ; Religious Persecution. 53 

the chief of the Narragansets, sent them a bundle of arrows 
tied with the skin of a rattlesnake as a message of enmity, 
Bradford stuffed the skin with powder and ball, and sent it 
back as a defiance. Canonicus thereupon treated for peace. 

10. In the summer the colony revived ; food became 
abundant ; and in November (162 1) the ship Fortune arrived, 
bringing a reinforcement of thirty-five persons. In the au- 
tumn of 1622 a day was appointed to render thanks for a 
fruitful harvest, and this is the earliest mention of the New 
England festival of Thanksgiving. 

11. Disputes in the Colony. — The New Plymouth people 
were soon vexed by internal dissensions. Although they had 
left England on account of religious persecution, they had no 
idea of granting to others the liberty of worship which they 
claimed for themselves. A preacher named Lyford was ar- 
rested for holding service according to the forms of the 
Church of England, and, together with one Oldham, was ban- 
ished from the colonv. 

12. The result of these troubles was a quarrel among the 
London merchants who were partners with the Pilgrims in 
the joint-stock enterprise. The company was dissolved ; the 
colonists bought out the rights of the other shareholders for 
about $9,000, divided the property among themselves, and be- 
came an almost independent community. 

13. Lyford and Oldham established themselves at Nan- 
tasket (now Hull) ; other stations were soon formed at Cape' 
Ann, Naumkeag (Salem), and all along the coast of Massa- 
chusetts Bay. A colony of roystering adventurers, led by 
Thomas Morton (1625), set up a tall May-pole in the midst 
of their settlement at Mount Wollaston, known as Mare 
Mount, or Merry Mount (Quincy, near Boston), and so 
shocked the Puritans by their disorderly behavior that an 
expedition from New Plymouth dispersed the establishment 
and cut down the pole. Morton was shipped to England. 

14. The Massachusetts Company. — The original Plymouth 
colony never attracted more than a handful of settlers, but a 



54 AbiHdged History of the United States. 

new establishment was soon made close alongside of it which 
prospered rapidly. In 1628 the Council for New England 
granted to John Endicott and five associates the territory 
from three miles south of the Charles to three miles north of 
the Merrimac River (that is, from Boston to the New Hamp- 
shire line), and the next year a royal charter was obtained for 













Cutting down the May-pole. 



the colony in the name of the Governor and Company of 
Massachusetts Bay in New England. 

15. A few months later the company transferred the gov- 
erning power from London to the colony itself by choosing 
officers from those stockholders who proposed to emigrate, 
while those who remained in England kept only a partial con- 
trol of the trade. After this important change a great num- 
ber of emigrants came out. The first of them settled at 
Naumkeag, to which the name of Salem was now given. En- 



New jEngland Pitritanism, 55 

dicott was already there as governor. Charlestown was 
founded by an offshoot from this body. In 1630 about one 
thousand settlers came out with John Winthrop as governor, 
and a part of them founded Boston, naming it in honor of 
the town of Boston, in Lincolnshire, to which many of them 
belonged. 

16. State and Church. — Although they were chartered 
only as a trading corporation, the real purpose of the colo- 
nists was to establish Puritan communities, in which they 
could enforce their own theories of religion and politics 
without molestation from the English Church or the crown. 
Like the Plymouth Pilgrims, they professed at first to be chil- 
dren of the Established Church who believed in its doctrines 
but protested against "popish" corruptions in its forms of 
worship ; but by degrees they adopted a severe Calvinism. 

17. A large proportion of them were gentlemen of educa- 
tion, means, and good social position. The greater part be- 
longed to the substantial middle class which furnished the 
strength of the popular party in politics and the indepen- 
dent party in the English Church. There were four ministers 
in the company which came out with Winthrop. 

18. Immediately upon their arrival the colonists proceed- 
ed to found their civil government upon the church. Con- 
gregations were organized in each settlement, and only those 
who had been admitted to membership in them were allowed 
the privileges of citizenship and of voting. Membership was 
not easily granted ; not more than a fourth part of the adult 
population ever obtained it under the Puritan rule, and gene- 
rally the proportioji of voters was much less than a fourth. 
The preachers could exclude candidates for church-member- 
ship whose opinions or conduct they distrusted, and they 
exercised great authority in both secular and spiritual affairs. 

19. Baptism was a privilege confined to church-members 
and their children. Marriage was celebrated by the magis- 
trates instead of the church, and the civil authorities had 
power to. grant divorces as they saw fit. The magistrates 



56 Abridged History of the United States. 

had power to enforce religious observances and to collect 
taxes for the support of the clergy. Amusements were for- 
bidden. Gayety was looked upon as wicked. To keep any 
of the Christian holidays was called "idolatrous," and it was 
reckoned a sin to eat mince-pie at Christmas. 

20. Intolerance. — Far from believing in freedom of wor- 
ship, the constant effort of the Puritans was to exclude from 
the settlements of Massachusetts Bay all who dissented from 
their opinions. Among themselves they maintained a sturdy 
independence of the English crown, but towards others they 
exercised a terrible tyranny. They punished with imprison- 
ment, banishment, scourging, or other penalties, both those 
who wished to preserve the forms of the English Church, 
those who taught novelties of their own, and those whom 
they regarded as " secret papists," or otherwise " unfit to in- 
habit " the colony. 

21. Quakers were persecuted with especial severity. They 
were put in chains, barbarously whipped, branded, ruined by 
heavy fines, shipped to England or Barbadoes, scourged at 
the cart's tail from town to town, many of the victims of the 
flogging being women. Four were hanged, one of them a 
woman named Mary Dyer. Two little children were ordered 
to be sold as slaves in the West Indies to pay the fines of 
their parents. 

22. Jesuits were forbidden to enter the colony, and if 
they came a second time after being expelled they were to 
be punished with death. It used to be the practice of the 
Puritans, up to the time of the Revolution, to show their 
hatred of the Catholic Church by publicly burning an effigy 
of the Pope. Soon after taking command of the troops be- 
fore Boston, General Washington issued an order severely 
condemning this "ridiculous and childish custom." 

23. Roger Williams. — A young preacher named Roger 
Williams, who came out in 1631, was obliged to leave Bos- 
ton on account of his theological views, especially for deny- 
ing the authority of the magistrates in matters of religion. 



The Settlement of Rhode Island, 



57 



Banished likewise from Salem, he fled to the wilderness in 
midwinter, in order to escape being transported to England, 
and found refuge and kind treatment with Massasoit. 

24. After suffering many hardships he founded the town 
of Providence (1636), and 
set up the first congrega- 
tion of Baptists in Ameri- 
ca, The colony composed 
of his followers was gov- 
erned at first as a simple 
democracy, everything be- 
ing decided by the votes 
of the majority ; but in 
1643 Williams obtained a 
charter in England. This 
was the origin of the State 
of Rhode Island. Wil- 
liams professed the prin- 
ciple of toleration in re- 
ligion, but the laws of 
Rhode Island, as of nearly 
all the colonies, contained 
provisions against the Ca- 
tholics. 

25. Mrs. Anne Hutchinson.- 
disturbed the church in Boston by instituting meetings of wo- 
men to discuss theology and teaching that all believers are 
inspired by the Holy Ghost, was banished (1637), together 
with several who shared her opinions, and her adherents were 
required to surrender all the arms in their possession, for fear 
they " inight upon some revelation make a sudden insurrec- 
tion." Finding refuge at first near Roger Williams in Rhode 
Island, the exiles afterwards removed to the protection of the 
Dutch, in what is now W^estchester County, New York, in 
order to get further away from the Puritans. Mrs. Hutchin- 
son and her family were there murdered by the Indians. 




Roger Williams. 



-Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, who 



58 Abridged History of the United States. 

26. Spirit of Independence. — Without much regard to 
their charter, the Puritans cultivated the habit of self-gov- 
ernment, and became very jealous of English interference. 
They were fanatical, narrow-minded, despotic, and cruel ; 
but they were industrious, enterprising, and self-reliant. 
They practised trades, built ships, opened schools, founded 
Harvard College in 1638, and set up a printing-press in 1639, 
which was the first in the English-American colonies, though 
not the first in America, the earliest books printed on this 
continent having been issued by the Spaniards in Mexico. 



QUESTIONS. 



1. How was New England named ? 

2. Under what concession did the Plymouth Company prepare to 
plant colonies ? 

3. Who made the first settlement within their limits? Who were 
the Puritans? 

4. From what place did the Puritan settlers remove to America ? 
What arrangements did they make for a settlement ? 

5. Describe their voyage. 

6. Where did they come to anchor? What did they do before land- 
ing ? Why was this necessary? 

7. When and where did they finally land? What did they call their 
settlement ? 

8. What were their experiences during the winter? 
g. Their relations with the Indians ? 

10. What good fortune befell them the next season? 

11. What cause for dissension existed among the colonists? 

12. What was the result of these troubles ? 

13. What of Lyford and Oldham ? Of Thomas Morton ? 

14. What new colony was planted under the Great Patent ? What 
was its title ? 

15. What change was made in the government? Where did the 
first colonists settle? What large party came out in 1630? What place 
did they found ? 

16. What was their real purpose in emigrating? What was their 
religion ? 

17. What was their character ? 

18. 19. Give an account of their system of government. 

20. Of their intolerance. 

21. How did they treat Quakers ? 

22. What were their laws respecting Jesuits? 

23. Why was Roger Williams banished ? 

24. What is said of tlic settlement of Rliode Island? Of the laws? 

25. Why was Mrs. Hutchinson banished ? What became of her? 

26. Mention the principal good and bad qualities of the Puritans. 



CHAPTER VIIL 

New Hampshire — Maine — Connecticut. 

1. New Hampshire and Maine. — New Hampshire and 
Maine were founded under a grant from the Council of New 
England soon after the landing of the Pilgrims. John Mason 
was the leading man in the New Hampshire adventure, and 
Sir Ferdinando Gorges in that of Maine. Both territories 
were claimed by Massachusetts. New Hampshire became a 
separate province in 1680, but Maine continu«ed to be under 
the jurisdiction of Massachusetts until 1820. 

2. Catholic Missions in Maine. — The English settlements 
in Maine were long confined to a few fishing-stations on the 
coast, and there were no towns. French missionaries, how- 
ever, from Acadia and Canada labored with great success 
among the Indians. The Capuchins had an establishment at 
Pentagoet (Castine), on the Penobscot, where they built a 
chapel as early as 1648 ; and the Jesuit Father Druillettes 
founded a mission among the Abenakis at Norridgewock, on 
the Kennebec, in 1646. Almost the whole of this tribe was 
converted and always kept the faith. 

3. Connecticut. — The Housatonic and Connecticut rivers 
were discovered by a Dutch navigator, Adrian Block (1614), 
the year after the first occupation of Manhattan Island, and 
the Dutch soon began a trade with the Indians on the shores 
of Long Island Sound. In 1633, having purchased land from 
the natives, they built Fort ■ Good Hope on the Connecticut, 
near the present site of Hartford. 

4. The English, claiming all this country, lost no time in 
trying to crowd the Dutch out. Settlers from New Ply- 
mouth, Newtown, and Dorchester founded Hartford, a mile 
and a half above the Dutch fort, Windsor, and Wethersfield ; 
and in 1639 met in convention at Hartford and adopted a 
written constitution, 

59 



6o Abridged History of the United States. 

5. In the meantime persons in England — Lord Saye and 
Sele, Lord Brooke, John Hampden, John Pym, and others — 
had obtained a grant as lords proprietors of all the coast one 
hundred and twenty miles west from Narraganset Bay, em- 
bracing the whole of Connecticut and more than half of 
Rhode Island. John Winthrop the younger (son of the gov- 
ernor of Massachusetts), Hugh Peters, and Henry Vane were 
appointed commissioners of the lords proprietors, and sent 
a party by water from Boston to build a fort at the mouth 
of the Connecticut River. The fort was named Saybrook, in 
honor of two of the proprietors. 

6. New Haven was founded in 1638 by a party of Non- 
conformists under the Rev. John Davenport. They had re- 
cently emigrated from England to Boston, but, not liking 
the religious peculiarities of the Puritans of the Massachu- 
setts colony, they determined to establish a community of 
their own. They admitted none but members of the church 
to share in the government, resolved to have no legislation 
except what they could find in the Bible, and were even 
stricter than the other New England colonists. Their strange 
rules have been the objects of ridicule under the name of the 
Blue Laws ; but the account generally given of those laws is 
greatly exaggerated. 



QUESTIONS. 

T. How were New Hampshire and Maine settled? 

2. What is said of the Catholic missions in Maine? 

3. Who were the earliest settlers in Connecticut? 

4. How did the English regard the coming of the Dutch? What 
did the New England people do? 

5. What grant was made to a new English association ? 

6. Who founded New Haven ? When ? Give an account of their 
government. 



CHAPTER IX. 

New Netherland — Character of the Dutch Colony— New 

Jersey. 

1. Dutch Settlements. — The Dutch settlers of New Neth- 
erland at first kept on good terms with the Indians and built 
up a large trade in furs. The merchants who directed the busi- 
ness in Holland were incorporated by the name of the Dutch 
West India Company (1621), having powers of government. 

2. In 1623 thirty families of Walloons, or Protestants 
from the Belgian and Flemish provinces, were sent out to 
make a permanent colony. Some settled at Fort Orange, 
where Albany now stands (Fort Nassau, built near this place 
in' 16 14, had been abandoned) ; others removed to the Dela- 
ware and Connecticut Rivers ; and others laid the foundation 
of Brooklyn (1625). 

3. Governor Peter Minuit [iimi-u-it) in 1626 bought the 
whole of Manhattan Island of the Indians for $24, and built 
Fort Amsterdam on the present site of the Battery. Around 
this post grew up the city of New York. The settlement 
w^as called New Amsterdam, and was made the capital of the 
colony. This was six years after the landing of the Pilgrims 
and four years before the founding of Boston. 

4. To encourage the formation of trading and farming 
settlements the company granted extraordinary privileges to 
any of its members who would take out colonies of fifty or 
more persons at their own expense. Under this regulation 
villages were planted all along the Hudson. The proprietors 
were known as " patroons," or patrons, and governed their 
territories Hke feudal lords — a system which led to disputes 
and conflicts lasting for several generations. 

5. The Swedes. — In consequence of dissensions between 
the patroons and the company Minuit was recalled. He 
thereupon entered the service of Sweden, and in 1638 sailed 

6» 



62 Abridged History of the United States, 



with a colony of Swedes to the Delaware River, where he 
built a fort near the present site of Wilmington, Delaware, and 
another on an island just below what is now Philadelphia. 

6. The second governor of New Netherland was Wouter 
van Twiller, and he was succeeded by William Kieft, un- 
der whom in 1643 a bar- 
barous attack was made by 
the colonists upon the In- 
dians at Hoboken, and one 
hundred and twenty savages 
were massacred in the night. 
This led to a terrible In- 
dian war which lasted more 
than two years. Kieft was 
recalled, and replaced by 
Peter Stuyvesant {sti'-ve- 
sani), a brave and able but 
arbitrary man, who kept 
peace with the savages, and 
in 1655 compelled tlie 
Swedes on the Delaware 
to submit to the Dutch authority. Thus New Sweden was 
annexed to New Netherland. 

7. The English king, Charles II., gave to his brother, the 
Duke of York (afterwards James II.), the whole territory 
from the Connecticut to the Delaware, and James sent out a 
fleet under Col. Nicolls to take possession of the gift ^1664). 
Stuyvesant wished to resist, but the Dutch inhabitants would 
not fight, and the English, of whom there were many in the 
colony, declared for their countrymen. New Netherland ac- 
cordingly passed peaceably into English possession, and in 
honor of the duke the name of New York was given to the 
town and province. The other settlements on the Hudson 
and the various Dutch villages in New Jersey and Delaware 
promptly capitulated. Nine years afterwards a Dutc.h fleet 
entered the Bay of New York and easily regained possession 




Peter Stuyvesant. 



Settlevieiits in New York and New yersey, 6^, 

of the town. It was restored to England, however, at the end 
of the war then going on between that country and Holland. 

8. Character of the Colony. — At the time of the surren- 
der to NicoUs the province contained 10,000 inhabitants 
scattered far and wide along the Hudson and Delaware 
Rivers, on Long Island and in New Jersey, and New Am- 
sterdam had a population of about 1,500. The Dutch set- 
tlers had emigrated merely for the purpose of making money, 
and without any reference to politics or creed. 

9. According to law, no religion except that of the Re- 
formed Dutch Church was to be tolerated, but the law was 
not strictly enforced, and many other Protestant sects were 
admitted into the colony. There were even a few Catholics 
in New Amsterdam. Father Jogues and Father Bressani, 
the Jesuit missionaries, after suffering unheard-of tortures at 
the hands of the Mohawks, were ransomed by the Dutch at 
Fort Orange (Albany), and kindly entertained by Governor 
Kieft at New Amsterdam. Father Jogues relates that he 
heard the confessions of two Catholics whom he found at 
Fort Amsterdam in 1643. The only denominations, how- 
ever, which were allowed to celebrate worship in public were 
the Reformed Dutch, the Swedish Lutherans, and the Church 
of England. 

10. New Jersey. — The Duke of York conveyed the ter- 
ritory between the Hudson and Delaware Rivers to Lord 
Berkeley (brother of the governor of Virginia) and Sir 
George Carteret (1664), and it was named New Jersey after 
the Island of Jersey, in the English Channel. The Quakers 
soon afterwards bought the rights of Lord Berkeley and set- 
tled West Jersey, while Carteret retained East Jersey, which 
became Puritan. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What was the early policy of the Dutch settlers? 

2. Who were the Walloons ? Where did they settle ? 

3. What price did Governor Minuit pay the Indians for Manhattan 
Island ? What fort did he build ? What was the settlement called ? 



64 Abridged History of the U^iited States, 



4. Who were the patroons ? 5. What settlers did Governor Minuit 
bring to America in 1638 ? Where did he establish them ? 

6. What occurred under Governor Kieft ? What did Governor 
Stuyvesant accomplish? 

7. What grant did King Charles II. make to the Duke of York ? 
How did New Netherland pass into English hands? What change was 
made in its name ? Did it ever revert to the Dutch ? 8, What is said 
of the colonists? 9. Their religion? 10. How was New Jersey 
founded ? 



CHAPTER X. 

The Catholic Colony of Maryland — Lord Baltimore — Freedom 
OF Worship destroyed by the Protestants. 

1. Lord Baltimore. — The first colony established in Ame- 
rica on the principles of freedom and self-government in 
politics and equal treatment for all in religion was the Ca- 
tholic colony of Maryland. 
Sir George Calvert, a gentle- 
man of Yorkshire, a Secre- 
tary of State under James I., 
and one of the original mem- 
bers of the London Com- 
pany of Virginia, resigned 
his offices when the Puritan 
party became violent in Eng- 
land, and declared himself 
a Catholic. James seems to 
have respected his courage, 
for soon afterwards he was 
created Lord Baltimore. 

2. Calvert had previously 
established a colony in New- 
foundland just after the landing of the Pilgrims at New Ply- 
mouth, and offered a refuge there to Catholics and other per- 
secuted persons. In search of a milder climate and a more 
generous soil, he visited Jamestown, but he was turned away 




Cecil Calvert, Second Lord Baltimore. 



Catholic Settlement of Maryland. 65 

on account of his religion. Finally, in 1632, he obtained 
from Charles I. a grant of unoccupied land north of the Po- 
tomac, and named it Maryland in honor of Queen Henrietta 
Maria, and to this territory he resolved to transplant at his 
own cost a large colony of Catholics and such other persons 
as chose to join them. 

3. The patent was prepared by his own hand, but he died 
before it received the royal signature, and it was issued to 
his son, Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore. The proprie- 
tor was created absolute lord of the province, and empow- 
ered to make all necessary laws, but he stipulated of his own 
accord that no laws should be valid without the consent of 
the freemen of the colony or their representatives in assem- 
bly. The right of originating laws and of taxing themselves 
was also given to the settlers. 

4. Departure of the Colony.— About twenty Catholic gen- 
tlemen joined Lord Baltimore, and these, with servants and 
laborers, two Jesuit priests. Father Andrew White and Father 
John Altham, and two lay brothers, John Knowles and 
Thomas Gervase, made a party of nearly three hundred. 
Lord Baltimore was detained in England, and committed the 
expedition to his younger brother, Leonard Calvert, as gov- 
ernor, with Jerome Hawley and Thomas Cornwallis as his 
councillors. 

5. They sailed from Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, with the 
ship Ark and the pinnace Dove, committing them to the pro- 
tection of God, the Blessed Virgin, St. Ignatius, and the 
guardian angels of Maryland. Following the long route by 
the West Indies, they sighted Virginia after a stormy voyage 
of three months. They sailed up Chesapeake Bay, and on 
the Feast of the Annunciation, March 25, 1634, they landed 
on an island (one of the Blackstone Islands, now partly 
washed away), which they called St. Clement's. Mass was 
celebrated, and then with great solemnity they set up a large 
cross and recited a litany. 

6. St. Mary's. — After spending two days in exploring the 



66 Abridged History of the United States. 



Potomac and making friends of the natives, Calvert chose a 
place for his settlement on a little stream which flows into 
the Potomac on the north side, near its mouth, where there 
was already an Indian village. He bought of the savages 
their whole village, wigwams and all, and thirty miles of land, 
paying in axes, hatchets, rakes, and cloth. The colonists oc- 
cupied the Indian huts till they could build houses, and one 




The Landing of the Maryi and Catholics. 

of the best of them they used as a chapel. They gave the 
town the name of St. Mary's. 

7. The settlement prospered. A crop of maize was gath- 
ered the first summer, and the Indians taught the colonists 
how to prepare it for food and how to trap game. Before 
winter all were comfortably sheltered. A church was soon 
erected on the high bank of the river. The Jesuits, joined 
by others of their order, devoted themselves to the spiritual 
wants of the settlers and the conversion of the Indians ; in 



Freedom of Worship accorded to All. 67 



six months St. Mary's made more progress than Virginia had 
made in six years ; good order, moraUty, and industry pre- 
vailed ; and in less than a year after their landing the colo- 
nists met in general assembly to make laws for themselves. 

8. Although the founders were Catholics, and the Catho- 
lic faith was the prevailing religion of the colony, there were 
many Protestants — servants and laborers — in the first party 
that came out, and others followed them from England, some 




Present Appearance of St. Mary's. 



becoming converted after their arrival. The policy of Lord 
Baltimore, as well as of the colonists themselves, was not to 
interfere with anybody's creed. 

9. A refuge was offered at St. Mary's to all Protestants 
who fled from the Protestant intolerance either of Puritanism 
in Massachusetts or of the Church of England in Virginia. 
The governors appointed by the lord proprietor were re- 



68 Abridged History of the United States. 

quired to take an oath to maintain religious equality ; and 
after a few years a formal act of toleration was passed, by 
which all Christians were to be protected against molestation 
on account of their creed. There never was any departure 
from this rule as long as Maryland remained Catholic, and it 
was a rule that prevailed nowhere else. We shall see that, as 
a consequence of this generosity, the Catholics became the 
victims of Protestant persecution in their own colony, and 
the freedom which they had established was destroyed. 

10. Troubles with Virginia. — At the time of Calvert's, 
arrival a trader named Clayborne was established on Kent 
Island, in Chesapeake Bay, within the limits of the Maryland 
grant. Clayborne refused to acknowledge the authority of 
Calvert, and, being sustained by the Virginians, who always 
regarded the Maryland colony with hostility, he maintained 
an open warfare with the government at St, Mary's. A num- 
ber of Puritans, expelled from Virginia, had accepted the 
hospitality of the Maryland Catholics, and now turned against 
their protectors, allying themselves with the partisans of Clay- 
borne, and obliging Calvert to flee from the province (1644). 
Two years later the governor came back with a body of 
troops and re-established his authority. 

11. Puritans and Catholics. — It was three years after this 
(1649) that the Catholic Assembly of Maryland passed the 
act of toleration which earned for the colony the name of 
"land of the sanctuary." Protestants and Catholics were 
admitted to office on equal terms, and, some time after the 
death of Leonard Calvert, Lord Baltimore appointed Stone, 
a Protestant, as governor. The greater part of the Puritans 
had established themselves at Providence, near the present 
site of Annapolis, and a separate county, called Anne Arun- 
del, was organized for them in 1650. As they increased in 
numbers Charles County was also formed for them. They 
were always turbulent and insubordinate. 

12. After the execution of Charles I. and the establish- 
ment of the Commonwealth, the Parliament sent out commis- 



Religious Intolerance of the Protestants. 69 

sioners to look after "the plantations within Chesapeake Bay" 
(1652), which had acknowledged Charles II. One of these 
commissioners was Clayborne, the old enemy of the colony. 
With the aid of the Puritans Governor Stone was deposed and 
imprisoned (1655), several of the adherents of Lord Baltimore 
were hanged, Clayborne was reinstated at Kent Island, and a 
new government was set up, one of whose first acts was to 
exclude all " papists and prelatists " from the benefits of the 
statute of toleration, and to declare that no Catholic should 
sit in the Assembly or vote for members of it. 

13. For three years the province remained in a state of 
civil war. One government was established at St. Mary's 
under the authority of Lord Baltimore's patent, and another 
at Providence .under the authority of the Puritan commission- 
ers. The rights of the proprietor were restored on the acces- 
sion of Charles II., and Lord Baltimore's brother, Philip Cal- 
vert, became governor. The act of toleration was now re- 
vived in its full extent, and the colony remained at peace 
until the ascendency of Protestantism was secured in Eng- 
land by the revolution which dethroned James IL and set up 
William and Mary. 

14. The year after that event (1689) a Puritan named 
Coode raised an insurrection in Maryland, and, spreading a 
lying report that the Catholics had made a league with the 
Indians to massacre the Protestants, he organized an " Asso- 
ciation in arms for the defence of the Protestant religion," 
marched upon St. Mary's, captured the fort of St. Inigoe 
(St. Ignatius), and called a convention, which declared the 
authority of Lord Baltimore forfeited. 

15. Two years later the king revoked the grant to the 
proprietor and made Maryland a royal province. The capi- 
tal was removed from St. Mary's to Annapolis. The Church 
of England was made the established religion of the colony ; 
the Catholics were disfranchised ; and thus the founders of 
Maryland were violently and ungratefully deprived of the 
privileges they had been the first to grant to other people. 



yo Abridged History of the United States. 

16. In 1 7 15 Benedict Charles Calvert, the fourth Lord 
Baltimore, being a Protestant, recovered the proprietary- 
rights, and they remained in the family until the Revolution. 
No justice, however, was shown to the Catholics. In 1704 
an " Act to prevent the increase of popery in the province " 
made it an offence to say Mass except in private houses, to 
exercise any other function of the priesthood, or attempt to 
make converts. Catholics were forbidden to teach. They 
were taxed twice as much as Protestants. After a while they 
were forbidden to approach within one hundred yards of the 
State-house. Most of the oppressive penal statutes con- 
tinued in force until 1774. The Jesuit missions, however, 
survived all persecutions and became the foundation of the 
American Church. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. For what is the Maryland colony distinguished ? Who was Sir 
George Calvert ? 

2. Where did he first establish a colony? What grant did he obtain 
from Charles I. ? For what object ? 

3. What popular provisions were inserted by Lord BaUimore in his 
charter ? 

4. How was the first Maryland colony composed? 

5. When did it sail ? Where did it land ? What were the first acts 
of the emigrants? 

6. Describe the purchase from the Indians. What was the town 
called ? 

7. Describe the progress of the settlement. 

8. 9. What was the practice with respect to diflferences in religion ? 

10. Give an account of Clayborne's rebellion ? 

11. Why was Maryland called " land of the sanctuary " ? How did 
the Puritans in Mar3dand conduct themselves ? 

12. What happened under the rule of the Parliament ? What was 
done by the new government ? 

13. How did the Restoration affect the colony? 

14. What was Coode's insurrection ? 

15. What was done under William III. ? 

16. How were Catholics treated under the Protestant ascendency? 
What is said of the Jesuit missions ? 



CHAPTER XL 

Indian Troubles — King Philip's War. 

1. The New England Settlers and the Indians. — The Pii 

ritan settlers of New England took little pains to Christianize 
the Indians, although one of the first Boston preachers, the 
Rev, John Eliot, devoted a long life to missionary enterprises 
among the red men, and won great influence over them. It 
was partly owing to his work that peace was kept for several 
years. At last the powerful and warlike confederacy of the 
Pequods in Connecticut plotted a general massacre of the 
whites, and the settlers determined upon war. 

2. An expedition composed of Connecticut and Massa- 
chusetts men under Mason and Underhill, some friendly 
Mohegans led by their chief, Uncas, and two hundred Narra- 
gansets under Miantonomoh, marched in May, 1637, against 
one of the principal Pequod strongholds. 

3. This was a village surrounded by a fortification of trees 
and brushwood. The Pequods were surprised in their sleep, 
but they fought bravely until Captain Mason, crying out, "We 
must burn them ! " thrust a fire-brand into one of the wigwams, 
setting the whole village in flames. The attack now became a 
massacre, the whites keeping up the fight within the fort, 
while their Indian allies struck down those who attempted to 
escape. A fortnight later the remnant of the Pequods were 
pursued to the swamps in which they had taken refuge, eight 
or nine hundred were killed or taken, and the confederacy 
was entirely broken up. 

4. The United Colonies. — For better protection against 
Indian attacks, and for the advancement of their interests in 
general, a confederation of " The United Colonies of New 
England" was formed in 1643 by delegates from Plymouth, 
Connecticut, and New Haven, who met at Boston with the 

7» 



']2 Abridged History of the United States. 

General Court of Massachusetts. Commissioners from each 
colony were to meet alternately at Boston, Plymouth, Hart- 
ford, and New Haven. The confederacy was important as 
the first step towards union, but it was dissolved after some 
years without accomplishing what was expected of it. 

5. King Philip's War. — An attempt was made to revive 
the union in 1675 when a new and more terrible Indian war 
broke out, under the leadership of the great chief of the 
Whampano'ags, known to the whites as King Philip. He was 
the nephew and successor of Massasoit (see p. 52). The ris- 
ing soon become general ; even the Narragansets were in- 
volved in it ; Brookfield, Northfield, and Deerfield were 
burned ; the people of outlying settlements abandoned their 
homes and fled to the larger towns ; small parties of troops 
on the march were cut off and destroyed. The Indians were 
more dangerous than ever before, because many of them were 
now armed with muskets. 

6. In December, 1675, an expedition under command of 
Josiah Winslow, Governor of Plymouth, attacked and car- 
ried a strong fort of the Narragansets in what is now the 
town of South Kingston, Rhode Island. The scenes of the 
Pequod massacre were repeated, many of the Indians per- 
ishing in their burning village ; but the colonists also suffered 
severely, and the war continued with redoubled horrors, un- 
til Philip was killed and his head carried in triumph to 
Plymouth. 

7. The General Court of Massachusetts regarded the war 
as a punishment for the sins of the people, and among the 
principal offences they mentioned pride, profanity, cheating, 
the wearing of long hair by men, and toleration of Quakers. 
Besides calling out troops, they consequently caused the per- 
secution of the Quakers to be renewed. 

8. Hostilities lasted more than a year. The colonists 
lost six hundred men in battle, besides many persons mas- 
sacred in the settlements. Twelve or thirteen towns were 
entirely ruined and others were partly burned. The losses 



' Results of King Philip's War. 73 

in money were about a million dollars. On the other hand, 
the power of the savages was for ever broken. More than 
two thousand were killed or captured, and most of the cap- 
tives were either hanged or reduced to slavery. From this 
time the tribes in New England fast dwindled away. 



QUESTIONS. 



I What is said of Puritan missions among the Indians ? What 
savage confederacy plotted a massacre of the New England settlers ? 

2. What force was despatched against them ? 

3. Describe the attack. What was the end of the war ? 

4. What union of colonies was formed in consequence of Indian 
attacks? 

5. What savage enemy next made war upon the whites ? What is 
said of the burnings and massacres? 

6. How was the war brought to a close ? 

7. To what did the Massachusetts authorities ascribe their dis- 
asters? 

8. What were the losses on each side? 



CHAPTER XII. 

The Carolinas— Georgia — William Penn — Pennsylvania, 

1. The Carolinas. — Between the English settlements of 
Virginia and the Spanish posts in Florida lay a vast tract 
which both nations claimed but neither had yet colonized. 
Spanish missionaries, however, had penetrated into this re- 
gion, and the Franciscans had stations and settlements of 
Christian Indians from Florida almost to the English fron- 
tier, which lasted until the EngHsh broke them up. 

2. In 1663 Charles II. erected this disputed territory (now 
North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and part 
of Florida) into the province of Carolina, and gave it to 
eight of his favorites, at the head of whom was the prime 
minister, Clarendon. The famous English philosopher, John 
Locke, drew up a complicated scheme of government for the 
province, providing for a feudal nobility and other aristo- 
cratic institutions, great power for the lords proprietors, and 
the establishment of the Church of England. It was nomi- 
nally in force for about twenty years, but many of its regu- 
lations were never carried into effect, and the scheme as a 
whole was a failure. 

3. The first settlements under the Clarendon grant were 
made in North Carolina, then called the Albemarle County 
Colony, in 1664, many of the early settlers coming from Bar- 
badoes. South Carolina, or the Carteret Colony, was found- 
ed in 1670. It received emigrants from New York, Holland, 
Scotland, the North of Ireland (Presbyterians); and later 
came many French Huguenots, whom the other adventurers 
did not treat very kindly. Slaves were introduced from 
Barbadoes in 167 1. 

4. Georgia. — The settlement of Georgia was a conse- 
quence of the efforts of General Oglethorpe, a member of 

74 



Settlement of the Carolinas and Georgia. 75 

the House of Commons, to improve the condition of prison- 
ers for debt, and other unfortunate persons who wished to 
begin a new life. A popular agitation was started in support 
of his project. George II. made a grant of territory, money 
was raised by subscription, and in 1732 Oglethorpe sailed 
with the first emigrants. Savannah was founded the next 
spring. The early settlers included Jews, German Protes- 
tants, Moravians, and Scotch Highlanders. A free exercise 
of religion was guaranteed to all "except papists." Like 
the other Southern colonists, the Georgians soon learned to 
depend upon the labor of negro slaves. 

5. All the Southern settlements passed through great 
troubles, owing partly to misgovernment and partly to the 
turbulence and incapacity of the colonists. After many dis- 
orders the Carolinas became royal provinces in 1729 and 
took the distinctive names by which they are now called. 
Georgia became a royal province in 1752. Alabama, which 
then formed a part of it, was not set off until after the 
Revolution. 

6. The Quakers. — Members of the sect of Quakers, or 
Society of Friends, showed themselves in the colonies as 
early as the middle of the seventeenth century, and every- 
where, except in Catholic Maryland, they were treated with 
extraordinary severity. Even the easy-going Dutch of New 
York persecuted Quakers while they spared every other de- 
nomination. It was among the Puritans of Massachusetts 
that they were most brutally^ outraged. (See p. 56.) 

7. William Penn. — We have already seen that after a 
while they bought lands of their own in New Jersey. A 
few years later William Penn, one of the most distinguished 
converts to the sect, a man of wealth and family, and son of 
a famous English admiral, secured for his brethren in reli- 
gion a still more important establishment. He obtained from 
King Charles II., in payment of an old debt due from the 
crown to the Penn family, a charter for a colony west of the 
Delaware, to which was given the name of Pennsylvania 



76 Abridged History of the United States. 



(1681). The charter was copied from that of Maryland, with 
some alterations. Lands were sold to settlers at about ten 
cents an acre ; and many privileges of self-government were 
offered to them. 

8. Settlement of Pennsylvania. — The first party of emi- 
grants sailed in 1681. Penn followed them in 1682 ; in the 
course of the first year no fewer than twenty- three ship- 
loads arrived, and in two years the population amounted 




The Penn Treaty. 

to 7,000, including the settlers who were already on the 
ground when the new colony was organized. A few weeks 
after his arrival Penn held a conference with a large as- 
sembly of the Indians, under an elm-tree at Shackamaxon, 
in what is now Kensington, Philadelphia, and formed with 
them a treaty of friendship. This treaty was never broken 
and the kindly intercourse between the Quakers and the 
savages was rarely disturbed. 



Settlement of Pennsylvania by Qttakers. jj 

9. The same year Penn founded the city of Philadelphia, 
whose name signifies " brotherly love," and summoned a legis- 
lative assembly, whose first session was held at Chester. Be- 
fore his return to England (1684) he established a repre- 
sentative government and a code of laws. The first emi- 
grants were mostly Quakers, including some from Germany 
and Holland, but toleration was promised to all Christians. 
This pledge does not appear to have been regarded as apply- 
ing to Catholics, yet they were not molested ; a number of 
Irish Catholics were among the early arrivals, and Mass was 
celebrated in Philadelphia in 1686. 

10. Penn was involved in political troubles in England ; 
his province was taken from him, and for two years (1692-94) 
Pennsylvania was ruled by the royal governor of New York. 
Then the rights of the proprietor were restored. He made a 
second visit to America, and at the demand of the people, 
who wished for greater political privileges, he granted a new 
charter. In 1779 the State of Pennsylvania bought all the 
rights of Penn's heirs for about $500,000. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. What is said of the country between Virginia and Florida? Of 
the missionaries ? 

2. What was the Clarendon grant? Who drew up a scheme for the 
government of the colony ? 

3. Who were the first settlers ? 

4. How was Georgia settled? Who were the first settlers? What 
was the law respecting religion ? 

6. What is said of the Quakers in America? 

7. Who was William Penn ? What did he do in the interest of the 
Quakers? 

8. How did he treat the Indians ? 

9. What city did he found ? What kind of government did he 
establish? What is said of toleration? Were there any Catholics 
among the early settlers ? 

10. How was the province governed after it was taken from Penn ? 
Were his rights restored? What did he do on his second visit to 
America ? 



CHAPTER XIIL 

The Colonies and the Crown — The Charter Oak — Leisler's Re- 
bellion IN New York — "The Negro Plot" — Salem Witchcraft. 

1. The Colonies and the Crown. — Charles II. in the latter 
part of his life wished to destroy the liberties of the Ameri- 
can colonies and take their government into his own hands. 
The despotic character of the Puritan rule in Massachusetts^ 
the arrogance and intolerance of the Puritan churches, and 
the extreme boldness of some of their political claims gave 
him grounds for annulling the Massachusetts charter in 1684. 
He died the next year, leaving his brother, James II., to carry 
his plans further. 

2. Sir Edmund Andros, who had previously been gover- 
nor of New York, arrived in Boston at the end of 1686 with 
the title of Governor-General of New England. New York 
and the Jerseys were soon added to his jurisdiction. The 
first important act of his administration which provoked the 
resentment of the Puritans was the publication of the royal 
Declaration of Indulgence, granting toleration to Quakers, 
Baptists, Episcopalians, and other Protestant sects, as well as 
to Catholics. Thus religious tyranny in New England re- 
ceived its death-blow from a Catholic king. 

3. The Charter Oak. — All the New England colonies 
which still had charters were ordered to give them up. As 
Connecticut refused, Andros marched to Hartford with sixty 
soldiers to seize the document by force (1687). He entered the 
hall where the Assembly was in session in the evening. The 
charter was brought out and laid on the table, but when Andros 
was about to take it the lights were suddenly put out and the 
document disappeared. It had been carried away by the colon- 
ists and hidden in a hollow tree, and Andros never found it. 
The tree, known as the Charter Oak, was carefully preserved 

for nearly two hundred years. It was blown down in 1856. 

78 



The Colo7iies and the Crown. 



79 



4. On the accession of William and Mary the people de- 
posed Andros, and the colonies resumed their charters 
by their own authority. For some time King William was 
too busy with troubles at home to pay much attention to 
them. He was by no means 
disposed, however, to con- 
cede any liberties to the 
Americans. To the bills of 
rights which the provincial 
assemblies hastened to en- 
act he returned decided and 
repeated negatives. He sent 
over some of the same tyran- 
nical governors who had 
been employed by James, 
and others who were no 
better. 

5. NewYork.— The Duke 
of York had allowed the 
people of New York in 1683 
to meet in assembly, at the call of the governor — Thomas 
Dongan, a Catholic — and enact a code of fundamental laws 
known as the "Charter of Liberties," which claimed for the 
people the right to rule and tax themselves, to vote, and to 
practise any form of the Christian religion without molestation. 
This was the first legislative assembly of New York. As 
soon as he became king, however, James began to exercise 
the same arbitrary authority in New York which he asserted 
in New England. 

6. Leisler's Rebellion. — When James was dethroned, Ja- 
cob Leisler, a rich German citizen of New York and captain 
in the militia, put himself at the head of a fanatical party of 
the lower class of the people, and took possession of the fort 
and the public money " for the preservation of the Protestant 
religion " (June, 1689). 

7. The cause of this insurrection was in great part a 




Hiding the Charter. 



8o Abridged History of the United States. 

bigoted hatred of Catholics. The most absurd stories were 
circulated about plots of the " papists " to cut the throats 
of the inhabitants, and the revolt began with the refusal of 
Leisler to pay his taxes, on the ground that the collector was 
a Catholic. There were three Jesuit priests in New York at 
this time, and for a little while they even had a Latin school 
in the city. This school was on what was known as King's 
Farm, near the present site of Trinity Church, Leisler's anti- 
Catholic outbreak occurred at the same time as the similar 
Protestant insurrection under Coode in Maryland. 

8. King William appointed Colonel Henry Sloughter gov- 
ernor of New York, and on his arrival, in March, 1691, Leisler 
and his son-in-law and secretary, Milbourne, were arrested, 
tried for high treason, and hanged. His death exasperated 
party spirit, and the feud between the enemies and friends of 
Leisler continued to disturb the politics of New York for 
many years. 

9. Religious Affairs. — The accession of William estab- 
lished in the colonies the policy of complete toleration for all 
Protestant sects and exclusion of Catholics. The New York 
Assembly of 1691 repealed the Charter of Liberties, and 
enacted a Bill of Rights which excluded Catholics from the 
privileges it conferred upon others. An act of 1700, passed 
by the exertions of the governor, Lord Bellamont, declared 
that every priest found in the province should be liable to 
perpetual imprisonment. If he broke jail and were retaken 
he should suffer death. The penalty for harboring a priest 
was a fine of ^200 and three days in the pillory. In 1701 
Catholics were declared incapable of voting or holding 
office. 

10. The anti-Catholic feeling reached its height in 1741, 
when the city of New York was thrown into a panic by 
rumors of a conspiracy of the nagroes to burn the houses 
and massacre the inhabitants. A full pardon and a large 
reward in money being offered to all who would confess, the 
terrified slaves began to tell the most extraordinary and hor- 



The ''Popish Plor ; Salem Witchcraft. 8i 

rible stories, and the excitement was soon increased by a fool- 
ish letter from Governor Oglethorpe, of Georgia, transmitting 
a report that the Spaniards had sent priests in disguise to set 
fire to the principal towns in the English colonies. 

11. The cry of a " popish plot" was now raised, and a 
schoolmaster named John Ury was arrested on suspicion of 
being a priest. Denounced by one of the purchased wit- 
nesses, a low woman of infamous character, as an accomplice 
in the imaginary conspiracy, he was hanged, August 29, 1741, 
after a mock trial. He was probably what he professed to be, 
a non-juring minister of the Church of England. Eighteen 
negroes were hanged, eleven were burned at the stake, and 
fifty were transported to the West Indies. 

12. Salem Witchcraft. — A delusion of another kind was 
raging in Massachusetts about the time of Leisler's insurrec- 
tion in New York. The Puritans of New England believed 
in witches from the first, and made witchcraft punishable with 
death. Six or eight persons supposed to be witches were 
executed between 1648 and 1655. Ii^ 1688 the fear of witches 
became a popular excitement and led to the greatest excesses. 

13. The panic began in the family of John Goodwin, a 
citizen of Boston, whose children pretended to have been 
bewitched by an old Irishwoman. The case was investigated 
by the Rev. Cotton Mather and other ministers ; the old wo- 
man was found to be a Roman Catholic who spoke Irish and 
could not say the Lord's Prayer except in Latin, and she was 
adjudged a witch and hanged. Cotton Mather preached 
against witchcraft, and, like his father. Increase Mather, presi- 
dent of Harvard College, wrote books on the subject which 
greatly increased the delusion. 

14. In 1692 the disorder appeared at Salem, where the 
daughter and niece of the Rev. Mr. Parris accused two 
friendless old women, and a squaw named Tituba, of be- 
witching them. All three were sent to prison. On the word 
of children and the malicious accusations of enemies a num- 
ber of women and a few men were thrown into jail ; a town 



82 Abridged History of the United States. 

committee was formed to search for witches, and a special 
court was organized at Salem for the trial of the accused. 

15. In one year twenty persons had been executed, eight 
were under sentence of death, one hundred and fifty were in 
prison, and many of the suspected had fled the country. A 
reaction now set in. The prisoners were released, and some 
of the judges and ministers acknowledged that they had been 
deluded. 



QUESTIONS. 



1. What did Charles II. wish to do with the American colonies ? 
What gave him an excuse for annulling the Massachusetts charter? 

2. What change of administration was made under James II ? 
What was the Declaration of Indulgence published by Governor An- 
dros? 

3. Tell the story of the Charter Oak. 

4. What occurred on the accession of William and Mary? 

5. What were the principal features of the New York Charter of 
Liberties ? 

6. 7. Give an account of Leisler's Rebellion and its cause. 
8. How did it end ? 

g. What policy in religion was adopted on the accession of William? 
What laws were passed against Catholics in New York ? 

10. What caused a panic in New York in 1741 ? What increased 
the alarm ? 

11. Who was John Ury ? What was his fate? How many other 
victims suffered ? 

12. What delusion broke out in Massachusetts? 

13. How did the panic begin ? 

14. Give an account of the progress of the delusion. 



PART SECOND. 



COLONIAL WARS. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

French and English Rivalries— Enterprises of the French- 
King William's War. 

1. French Settlements —We have seen that the French 
from Canada penetrated into what is now the State of New 
York some years before the Dutch estabUshed themselves on 
Manhattan Island, and that Jesuit missionaries planted vil- 
lages of Christian Indians along the shores of the great lakes 
and the valley of the Mississippi. The English settlers dur- 
ing this period made no attempt to explore the interior, and 
supposed the continent to be quite narrow. 

2. It was about the time of the settlement of Massachu- 
setts Bay that the Jesuit Fathers, who had already been 
laboring for many years among the Algonquins and Hurons 
of Canada and New York, began to push their explorations 
westward with a new zeal and enterprise, accompanying, and 
often leading, the Canadian fur-traders on their long journeys, 
and establishing kindly intercourse with many of the tribes. 

3. Jogues, Daniel, Lalemant, Brebeuf, Gamier, Chabanel, 
and others (including some Recollects) were martyred. Al- 
louez made known the copper-mines of Lake Superior. Dab- 
Ion and Marquette founded Sault Ste. Marie, the first white 
settlement in the Northwestern States. Marquette, accompa- 
nied by the trader Joliet, first reached the Mississippi, the 
priest seeking a new field for missionary enterprise, and the 
fur-trader being commanded by the governor of Canada to 
look for a route to the South Sea. The French trader and 
adventurer, La Salle, under orders of the Canadian governor, 

83 



84 Abridged History of the United States. 

l"'rontenac, explored the Mississippi to its mouth, and took 
possession of the country in the name of the king of France. 
It was then (1682) that this region received the name of 
Louisiana, in honor of Louis XIV. 

4. English Jealousy.— The English settlements thus be- 
came enclosed by a line of French colonies and outposts, ex- 
tending from New IJrunswick and Nova Scotia up the valley 
of the St. Lawrence, through the region of the great lakes, 
and down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. It seemed 
doubtful at that time whether the whole continent was not 
destined to become French rather than English, and the 
strength of the French was greatly increased by the fact that 
through the influence of the missionaries and their own pru- 
dent policy they had made many of the Indian tribes their 
fast friends and allies. 

5. The English settlers looked upon their French neigh- 
bors with jealousy and alarm. In New York especially, 
where the French priests had established so many villages 
of Indian converts, the bad feeling was very strong, and the 
English governor, Dongan, although a Catholic himself, tried 
to detach the' savages from their missionaries (promising to 
send them English Jesuits instead) ; he furnished arms to the 
warlike Iro(piois, and encouraged them to attack the French, 
with whom they were never long at peace. In the course of 
the hostilities thus begun the missions were broken up, many 
of the converts removing into Canada, and the French set- 
tlers suffered severely. 

6. King William's War. — These Indian troubles had last- 
ed several years when King James II. was dethroned (1688), 
and, as the French king espoused his cause, war broke out 
between France and England. The colonies were at once 
involved in the quarrel, and fighting between them lasted for 
seven and a half years. This is known as King William's War. 

7. Both the French and English colonists made use of 
Indian allies, and the warfare was marked by the most bar- 
barous excesses. Instigated by the French, the savages 



King William! s War, 85 



burned Dover, New Hampshire, and ravaged the settlements 
of Maine. A force of French and Indians from Montreal 
surprised Schenectady at night (Feb. 8, 1690), massacred 
sixty persons, and carried off twenty-seven prisoners. Other 
Canadian expeditions of whites and Indians captured Sal- 
mon Falls, in New Hampshire, and Casco, in Maine. 

8. On the other hand, the English colonists armed the 
fierce Mohawks and led a mixed expedition against Canada 
which failed. Sir William Phipps, with a Massachusetts 
fleet, made a descent upon Acadia, but was defeated in an 
attempt upon Quebec. Colonel Church fought a successful 
campaign against the Indians of Maine, in the course of 
which he put prisoners to death, not even sparing women 
and children. The Indians sometimes retaliated, but gene- 
rally carried their prisoners to Canada and sold them to the 
French as servants. The captives suffered greatly on the 
march, but were kindly treated in Canada. 

9. A treaty of peace between France and England in 
1697 put an end to the war in America. Both parties had 
suffered severely, and neither had gained any real advantage. 
The English colonists had been obliged to depend entirely 
upon their own resources, the home government doing no- 
thing for them. 



QUESTIONS. 

I, 2. Give a brief account of the progress of the Jesuit missiona- 
ries. 3. Name some of the Jesuit martyrs. What did Father Allouez 
make known ? What river was reached by Father Marquette ? What 
is said of La Salle? 4. By what were the English settlements sur- 
rounded? How did the French increase their power? 5. What was 
the feeling of the English settlers towards the French ? What was their 
policy in New York ? 6. What was the cause of King William's War ? 
7. What Indian depredations and massacres were instigated by the 
French? 8. How did the English retaliate ? What is said of Colonel 
Church in Maine ? 9. What put an end to the war ? 



CHAPTER XV. 

Queen Anne's War — Father Rale — King George's War. 

1. Queen Anne's War. — The war between France and 
England being renewed in 1702, the colonists were again in- 
volved, and the contest which ensued is known as Queen 
Anne's War. Spain being now in alliance with France, the 
English found themselves menaced from Florida as well as 
from the North. The French had grown stronger during the 
five years' peace, and their project of a great French-Ame- 
rican empire seemed more promising than ever. 

2. The first operations were directed against the Span- 
iards of Florida. St. Augustine was captured (1702) by Gov- 
ernor James Moore, of South Carolina, but he did not hold it. 
Three years later, at the head of fifty whites and one thou- 
sand pagan Indians, he fell upon the Christian Indian settle- 
ments of Middle Florida, where the Appalachees, under the 
instruction of Spanish missionaries, had become farmers and 
herdsmen. The villages and churches were destroyed, and 
the converts, to the number of two thousand, were forcibly 
removed to Georgia. 

3. New England suffered severely. Deerfield, Massachu- 
setts, was burned by a party of French and Indians (1704), 
forty-seven of the inhabitants being killed and more than a 
hundred carried into captivity. Haverhill, hardly recovered 
from the massacre of 1697, was pillaged and burned a second 
time. England for a long time sent no help. 

4. The colonists, however, repulsed a French and Spanish 
attack upon Charleston, captured Port Royal (1710) — the 
name of which they changed to Annapolis — and threatened 
the unfortunate Acadians with expulsion from their homes 
unless they would turn Protestants. 

5. Expedition against Canada. — At last in 1 7 1 1 a fleet of 

86 



War on the Maine Frontier. 87 

fifteen ships of war and forty transports, with five veteran 
regiments of Marlborough's army, arrived at Boston to co- 
operate with the colonists in an attempt to capture Canada. 
New York, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania raised large 
sums of money and a strong force of men ; the fleet, under 
Admiral Sir Hovenden Walker, with an army of seven thou- 
sand soldiers under General Hill, sailed up the St. Lawrence 
for Quebec, and the colonial troops and Indian allies as- 
sembled at Albany for a simultaneous attack upon Montreal. 
A part of the fleet, however, was wrecked in the St. Lawrence 
with the loss of one thousand lives, whereupon the admiral 
at once abandoned the expedition and weakly returned to 
England. 

6. End of the War. — England had been more fortunate 
in the European campaigns than in America, and by the 
peace of Utrecht, signed in 17 13, she acquired Newfound- 
land and Acadia, the latter province being thenceforth known 
as Nova Scotia. 

7. Troubles on the Maine Frontier. — Disputes arose with 
the French about the boundaries of the ceded province of 
Acadia, and alsO with the Indians on the Penobscot and 
Kennebec, who resented the intrusion of English settlers 
upon lands which they regarded as their own. There was 
soon open war between the New-Englanders and the In- 
dians. Many of the Abenakis of this region had long been 
Christians. The missions founded among them nearly seven- 
ty-five years before this time by the Capuchins and Jesuits 
had continued to flourish ; and the famous Jesuit Father 
Rale was still laboring at Norridgewock, where he had been 
settled for nearly thirty years. 

8. This zealous man was especially hated by the New- 
Englanders, who accused him of exciting the hostility of the 
Indians and keeping alive French influence in the disputed 
territory. They burned Norridgewock during Queen Anne's 
War, but it was rebuilt. They tried, to persuade the Indians 
to send Father Rale away and take a preacher in his stead, 



SS Abridged History of the United States. 

but the proposal was indignantly repelled. They offered a 
reward for his head. In 1722 an expedition was secretly de- 
spatched by the governor of Massachusetts to seize him. The 
missionary escaped to the woods, where he nearly perished in 
the snow, but all his property was carried off and the village 
was plundered. The manuscript of an Abenaki dictionary 
by Father Rale was a part of the spoil, and is still preserved 
at Harvard College. 

9. Death of Father Rale. — In August, 1724, another ex- 




Murder of Father Rale. 

pedition of New-Englanders, aided by Mohawk warriors, 
surprised Norridgewock and poured a volley of musketry 
into the village. Father Rale went forth to meet the as- 
sailants, hoping by the sacrifice of his own life to secure the 
escape of his converts. He was shot down at the foot of the 
mission cross, and the victors, after hacking his body to 
pieces, rifled the altar, profaned the Host and the sacred ves- 



King George s Wa7\ 89 

sels, and burned the church. Thirty of the Indians were 
killed and the rest took flight. 

10. King George's War. — In 1744 France declared war 
against England, and, as usual, hostilities at once broke out 
in the American colonies. As this happened in the reign of 
George II., the campaign is known as King George's War. 

11. Massachusetts took the lead, furnishing most of the 
men and ships for an attack upon the strong French fortress 
of Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island. Other colonies con- 
tributed to the enterprise ; the animosity of the Puritans 
against French Catholics was inflamed, and a Methodist 
minister who accompanied the troops was provided with a 
hatchet to hew down the images in the " popish " chapels, 

12. Under the command of William Pepperell, of Maine, 
the colonists compelled Louisburg to surrender (June 17, 
1745), after a siege of six weeks, and Massachusetts then pro- 
posed to the British government to raise a colonial army 
which might reduce Canada. But the crown took alarm at 
the independent spirit of the Americans, and would only al- 
low them to menace Montreal while a British fleet and army 
shoiUd attack Quebec. 

13. This project came to nothing, owing to the failure of 
the promised co-operation from England^ On the other hand, 
a powerful French fleet sailed to recover Louisburg ; but, 
shattered by two terrible storms and further disabled by an 
outbreak of fever, it returned home in distress. The treaty 
of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) put an end to the war and restored 
Louisburg to France. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What was the war called which broke out in 1702 ? What ene- 
mies had the English colonies now to face ? 

2. Where did hostilities begin ? What is said of Governor Moore's 
treatment of the Christian Indians of Florida? 

3. What disasters occurred in New England ? 

4. What successes did the colonists obtain in the South and in 
Nova Scotia ? 



QO Abridged History of the United States. 

5. What enterprise did the British government at last attempt in 
America? Give an account of the expedition. 

6. What American territory did the English acquire by the treaty of 
peace? 

7. What troubles occurred in Maine ? What is said of the Abenaki 
mission ? 

8. What is said of Father Rale? What was the object of the 
Massachusetts expedition against Norridgevvock in 1722? 

g. Give an account of Father Rale's death. 
, 10. What was the third colonial war called ? Why? 

11. What was the principal expedition of the campaign ? 

12. How did it result ? What did Massachusetts then propose ? 
Why did the British government refuse its consent? 

13. How was the Canadian campaign defeated ? What was the re- 
sult of a French attempt to recover Louisburg? What was done by 
the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ? 



CHAPTER XVI. 



The French in the Mississippi Valley — Progress of the English 
Colonies — The French and Indian War — George Washington 
— Benjamin Franklin. 

1. Rivalries with the French, — The previous hostilities 
between the French and English colonies had originated in 
the quarrels of the mother countries ; but soon after the close 
of King George's War a new and much more severe struggle 
began with the settlers themselves. It lasted until the supre- 
macy of the English immigrants on this continent was finally 
estabhshed. 

2. The French had never lost sight of their great scheme 
for the occupation of the Mississippi valley and the estab- 
lishment of a line of settlements, forts, and trading-posts from 
the Gulf of St. Lawrence, along the great rivers and the lakes, 
to the Gulf of Mexico. Near the mouth of the St. Lawrence 
they had built the fortress of Louisburg, so strong that it 
was called the Gibraltar of America. Quebec likewise was 



The French m the Mississippi Valley. gf 

a place of great military importance. The Indian tribes of 
New York, who were kept friendly to the French, served as a 
defence for the settlements of Upper Canada. A French fort 
at Niagara commanded the communication between Lakes 
Ontario and Erie ; and a French post at Detroit controlled 
the channel to the great upper lakes. Natchez was founded 
in 1716 ; and two years later Governor Bienville began the 
building of New Orleans, to which the capitol of Louisiana 
was soon removed from Mobile. 

3. Thus the French controlled the valuable fur-trade of 
the whole Mississippi valley. Their adventurous traders 
traversed the long route of two thousand miles from Quebec 
to the Gulf of Mexico. Their missionaries pushed further 
and further into the wilderness, the Jesuits taking the upper 
part of the Mississippi valley and the Capuchins the lower. 

4. Indian Wars. — Although the general policy of the 
French was to use the Indians as friends and allies, they did 
not always avoid wars and massacres. In 1729 the Natchez 
Indians fell upon the white settlers at Natchez, killed all 
the men except two, and made the women prisoners. Among 
the two hundred victims of this catastrophe were the Jesuit 
Fathers Du Poisson and Souel. The French in retaliation 
almost destroyed the Natchez nation. Afterwards they at- 
tacked the hostile Chickasaws of Alabama, who, being helped 
by the English, withstood them through two hard and inde- 
cisive campaigns, in the second of which the Jesuit Father 
Senat was burned at the stake. 

5. Population. — While the French were strengthening 
their military position and extending their trade, they gained 
population very slowly. In 17 15 Canada had only twenty- 
five thousand inhabitants. Two years later John Law, a 
Scotch financier living in Paris, set on foot the Mississippi 
Company for colonizing the French possessions in America. 
The result was a gigantic speculation in the shares of the en- 
terprise, and finally a crash which involved the whole French 
nation in distress. America got little or no benefit from it. 



C)2 A I? ridged His lory of tlic United States, 



6. Progress of the English Colonies. — The English colo- 
nies by this time had a population of about four hundred and 
fifty thousand. The neglect and injustice with which they 
were treated by the mother-country taught them self-reliance. 
Constant warfare with the savages made them bold and hardy. 
They learned to govern themselves, to watch their own inte- 
rests, and to depend upon their own labor. 

7. Until the middle of the eighteenth century the English 
did not attempt to settle or explore the regions lying beyond 
the Blue Ridge and the Alleghany Mountains, but in 1749 an 
association called the Ohio Company was organized for trade 
and settlement in the West, and agents were sent across the 
mountains to make treaties with the Indians. To oppose 
this adventure the French stirred up the Indians, strengthen- 
ed the fort at Niagara, built another at Presque Isle {presk-eel), 
now Erie, established posts at Le Boeuf {liih buff) and Ve- 
nango, now Waterford and Franklin, in Northwestern Penn- 
sylvania, seized the English traders, and confiscated their 
goods. 

8. Orders were now sent from England to the Virginians 
and Pennsylvanians to expel the French from their provinces. 
Virginia was under the authority of Lieutenant-Governor 
Robert Dinwiddle, who immediately despatched a messenger 
to the nearest French post to demand the release of the cap- 
tured traders and indemnity for their losses, and at the same 
time to inquire into the purposes and strength of the French 
occupation. The agent whom he selected for this delicate 
mission was George Washington. 

9. Washington. — Washington was at this time not quite 
twenty-two years old. He was born in Westmoreland Coun- 
ty, Virginia, February 22, 1732. His family was honorable 
and wealthy, and his ancestors for three generations had been 
settled in Virginia. George inherited from his father, who 
died when the boy was twelve years old, an estate on the 
Rappahannock, near Fredericksburg, and he lived there with 
his mother. 



Early Life of Washins'ton. 



<i% 



10. He had not many opportunities for education, but he 
was diligent and studious, and became a fair scholar. He 
learned surveying, and spent three years in the survey of an 
immense and unexplored domain belonging to Lord Fairfax 
in the Shenandoah valley. At the age of nineteen he was 
appointed a major in the militia. He was skilled in athletic 
exercises, strong, hardy, and a bold and graceful horseman. 
Already he was distinguished for a love of truth and justice, 
a high sense of honor, sound judgment, and dignified conduct. 

11. Washington's Mission to the French.— He set out on 
his mission at the end of October, 1753, with only a guide 
and two or three at- 
tendants, and after a 
hard and dangerous 
journey of more than 
five hundred miles, 
mostly through an 
unknown wilderness 
infested by hostile 
savages, he reached 
the French post at 
Le Boeuf. The 
P'rench commander, |^^^ 
St. Pierre, received 
him politely, and pro- 
mised to transmit the governor's demands and remonstrances 
to Montreal, but the officers of the post made no secret of 
the mtention of their government to occupy the country 
permanently. 

12. The return to Virginia was made still more perilous 
by the increasing severity of the winter and the hostility of 
the Indians. A part of the journey was made by canoe. At 
Venango, finding that their lives were in danger from the sav- 
ages, Washington and his guide took to the woods on foot, 
with, their packs on their shoulders and their guns in their 
hands. A treacherous Indian led them off the trrck and 




Washington Crossing the Alleghany. 



94 Abridged Mistojy of the United States. 



attempted to kill them. They seized him, and the guide 
would have put him to death, but Washington saved him 
and let him go. 

13. They found the Alleghany River half-frozen, and the 
mid channel filled with tossing cakes of ice. With no tools 
but "one poor hatchet" they built a raft after a whole day's 
labor, and were nearly drowned in trying to cross. Washing- 
ton was hurled into the deep and rapid stream, but succeeded 




Map of Pennsylvania. 

in reaching an island, where he and his companion passed 
the night. Their clothes froze to their bodies. By morning 
fortunately the whole river was frozen over, and they were 
able to continue the journey. 

14. Washington's report made the purposes of the French 
so clear that there was a general preparation for war. By his 
advice Governor Dinwiddle sent a small party to begin a fort 
at the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers, 
where Pittsburg now stands, and in the meantime a larger 



An Attempt at Confederation ; Franklin. 95 

force was got ready with the co-operation of New York and 
South Carolina. Of the regiment raised in Virginia, Fry was 
appointed colonel and Washington lieutenant-colonel. 

15. Beginning of the French and Indian War. — They 
marched from Alexandria. On the way they learned that 
the French had seized the unfinished fort, completed it for 
themselves, and called it Fort Du Quesne {^dii kane) after the 
governor of Canada. An advance party under Washington 
surprised a detachment of the French at a place called the 
Great Meadows, and defeated them, the commanding officer, 
Jumonville, being killed (May, 1754). 

16. Colonel Fry having died, the command devolved 
upon Washington. He built a stockade at the Great Mea- 
dows, which he called Fort Necessity, and here he was soon 
attacked by a greatly superior force. After a day's fighting 
he was compelled to give up the fort, retiring with all his 
arms and baggage to the Upper Potomac, where he built 
Fort Cumberland. 

17. An Attempt at Confederation. — The English govern- 
ment having advised the colonies to unite for the general 
defence, delegates from New Hampshire, Massachusetts, 
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and 
Maryland met at Albany, and on the 4th of July, 1754, 
adopted a scheme of confederation. This was important 
as a step towards the union accomplished twenty- two years 
later ; but for the present the scheme was rejected. The 
colonial assemblies all refused to favor it because it gave too 
much power to the crown, while the royal government dis- 
approved of it because it gave too much power to the colo- 
nies. The plan was drawn up by Benjamin Franklin, a 
delegate from Pennsylvania and a zealous advocate of the 
people's side in politics. 

18. Benjamin Franklin. — This distinguished man, who 
had so great a part in the struggle for American indepen- 
dence, was at this time forty-eight years old. He was the 
§on of a soap and candle maker in Boston, Without much 



96 Abridged Histoiy of the United States, 

schooling, he had contrived to give himself a good educa- 
tion, and, having been bound apprentice to his elder brother, 
James, who was the printer and editor of one of the earliest 
newspapers in Boston — the New England Courant — he used 
to write essays for the paper in a disguised hand, and drop 
them into the letter-box secretly. James Franklin published 
them without suspecting the authorship, and they attracted a 
great deal of attention. 

19. James Franklin having been arrested on account of 
the political character of his journal (for there was no free- 
dom of the press at that time), the Conrant was published for 
some time by Benjamin. The brothers quarrelled, however, 
and Benjamin, at the age of seventeen, ran away from Bos- 
ton, went first to New York, and thence made his way, almost 
penniless, to Philadelphia. 

20. There he obtained employment in a printing office ; 
he also worked for a year and a half at the printing trade in 
England ; and after returning to Philadelphia he founded the 
Pennsylvania Gazette, and became a man of note in public 
affairs and a writer of ability, popularity, independence, and 
common sense. He established the celebrated " Poor Rich- 
ard's Almanac," whose short proverbs and rules of frugality 
and prudence were copied all over America and Europe. 

21. Applying himself to scientific studies, he made im- 
portant discoveries in electricity and invented the lightning- 
rod. The fact that lightning and electricity are the same, 
which had been suspected by other philosophers, was clearly 
proved by his famous experiment with a kite, by means of 
which he drew down electricity from a thunder-cloud. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. How did the next colonial war differ from the preceding ones ? 

2. Describe the position of the French. 

3. What did they control ? 

5. What is said of the French population ? 

6. Of the English population ? 



Braddock' s Expedition and Defeat. 97 

7. What was the Ohio Cumpan)^? How did the ?'rench try to check 
this adventure? 8. What orders were sent from England? Who was 
the agent sent to the French outposts ? 9, 10. Give a sketch of 
Washington. 11. Describe his journey to Fort Le Boeuf. 12, 13. His 
return. 14. Wliat was done by Washington's advice? Who were the 
colonel and lieutenant-colonel of the Virginia regiment? 15. What 
happened at the Great Meadows? 16. What followed after Colonel 
Fry's death? 17. W^hat was attempted at Alban)^? .Wh)^ was the 
plan defeated ? Who drew it up ? 18. Who was Benjamin Frank- 
lin ? 19, 20. Give an account of his career. 21. What important dis- 
covery did he make in science? 



CHAPTER XVII. 



The French and Indian War continued — Braddock's Defeat — 

The Acadians. 

1. Braddock's Expedition. — The British government now 
determined to form a considerable army in the colonies, 
and sent out two regiments of regular troops, with General 
Braddock as commander-in-chief. The provincial assemblies 
raised a large number of men, and three expeditions against 
the French were planned, Braddock with his regulars march- 
ing against Fort Du Quesne, while the provincials were to 
operate in the north and east. 

2. Braddock was accompanied by some Virginia rangers, 
and Washington, who knew the country and understood the 
French and Indian method of fighting, went with him as 
aide-de-camp. Braddock, however, held the provincials in 
too much contempt to listen to advice ; and when Washing- 
ton, who expected an Indian ambuscade, urged him to throw 
forward the Virginia rangers to scour the woods, the general 
angrily refused. 

3. Suddenly an invisible enemy opened a murderous fire 
upon the advancing army. For a short time the British stood 
firm, but when sixty of their officers and more than half their 
men had been shot down they fell into a panic. Braddock 



gS Abridged History of the United Slates, 

himself was mortally wounded, and died four days afterward. 
Nothing saved the defeated troops from complete destruction 
but the firmness of the despised provincials and the gallantry 
and coolness of Washington. Two horses were shot under 
him and four bullets passed through his coat (July 9, 1755). 

4. The British force engaged in this affair was the ad- 
vance division of thirteen hundred men, and the enemy com- 
prised only two hundred French and six hundred Indians. 
Cannon and baggage were lost and quantities of stores were 
destroyed, and the whole army retired to Philadelphia. 

6. Operations in the North. — General William Johnson, 
of New York, was appointed to attack Crown Point, on Lake 
Champlain, where the French had established themselves 
some years before. He defeated the French general, Dies- 
kau (dee-es-ko), in the battle of Lake George (September 5, 
1755), changing the name of the lake at this time from St. 
Saci'ement^ given it more than one hundred years before by 
Father Jogues, to that which it now bears, in honor of King 
George IL ; but he could not reach Crown Point, and he 
even allowed the French to fortify Ticonderoga. 

6. The Acadians.— At the east an expedition under Colo- 
nel Monckton, of the regulars, and Lieutenant-Colonel John 
Winslow, was despatched against the French posts which had 
been established in Nova Scotia on the Bay of Fundy. These 
capitulated (June, 1755) on condition that the inhabitants 
of the country should not be disturbed. The people, rem- 
nants and descendants of the Acadians of forty years back, 
and known as " French- neutrals," had always remained 
French in language and sympathies, and Catholics in reli- 
gion. Attempts of the Canadians, however, to incite them 
to acts of hostility against the English had signally failed. 
They were simple, peaceable, pious, thrifty, and industrious 
farmers, blameless in their lives and strongly attached to 
their homes. 

7. Uneasy on account of their French sympathies, and 
unwilling to bear the expense of garrisons to keep them in 



BriUal Treatment of the Acadians. 99 

order, the English resolved, in spite of the pledges of the 
capitulation, to transport them to the British provinces and 
scatter them far and wide. This shocking design was car- 
ried out with every aggravation of cruelty. 

8. The scheme was kept a profound secret until all was 
ready to put the wretched people on board ship. "Assem- 
bled under various false pretences," says the historian Hil- 
dreth, " in their parish churches they were surrounded with 




EXl'lLSION OF THE ACADIANS. 



troops, made prisoners, and hurried on board the ships as- 
signed for their transportation. Wives separated from their 
husbands in the confusion of embarking, and children from 
their parents, were carried off to distant colonies, never 
again to see each other." Their lands and cattle were con- 
fiscated to the crown, their crops destroyed, the houses and 
barns burned with all their contents. 



loo Abridged Histoiy of the United States. 

9. Every British colony received some of these destitute 
and heart-broken people, and most of them died in exile and 
despair. More than a thousand were carried to Massachu- 
setts, where they were not even allowed to console them- 
selves by the celebration of Mass. Four hundred who were 
sent to Georgia built rude boats, and tried to make their 
way northward along the coast to the French colonies ; but 
few succeeded. The miserable story of the expulsion of the 
Acadians is the groundwork of Longfellow's poem of " Evan- 
geline." 



QUESTIONS. 

1. What preparations did the British government make for the 
campaign ? 

2. What is said of Braddock and Washington ? 

3. What occurred on the march? What saved the party from com- 
plete destruction ? 

4. What were the losses ? 

5. What was done by General William Johnson in the North? 
What is said of the name of Lake George? 

6. What expedition was undertaken in the East? Who were the 
Acadians? What is said of their character and conduct? 

7. What did the British resolve to do with them ? 

8. How was the plan carried out? 

9. What became of the exiles? In what famous poem is their story 
told ? 



CHAPTER XVIir. 

The Ministry of the Elder Pitt— The Struggle for Canada— 
Montcalm and Wolfe— Fall of Quebec— Results of the War 
— The Conspiracy of Pontiac. 

1. Campaign of 1756.— In May, 1756, England formally 
declared war against France, and both sides prepared for 
fresh exertions in America. The French obtained a decided 
advantage by superior promptness and generalship. The gal- 
lant and able Marquis of Montcalm had been appointed to the 
chief command ; and before the British were ready to move he 
crossed Lake Ontario from Fort Frontenac (now Kingston, in 
Canada), demolished the forts at Oswego, carried off prison- 
ers, guns, stores, and boats, and so alarmed the colonies that 
all the military expeditions they had planned were given up. 

2. Campaign of 1757.— The British government, as usual, 
mismanaged everything that it undertook in the colonies. 
The Earl of Loudon was sent out with extraordinary powers, 
both military and political, and he used them only to exaspe- 
rate the people and provoke quarrels in the army. He sailed 
against Louisburg in the summer of 1757 with a large force 
of regular troops and a British fleet, but, finding the French 
stronger than he had supposed them, he retired without strik- 
ing a blow. 

3. The watchful Montcalm took advantage of Lord Lou- 
don's absence to make a sudden descent upon Lake George. 
He captured Fort William Henry and destroyed it, allowing 
the garrison to march out with the honors of war. On their 
retreat the disarmed soldiers were attacked by Montcalm's 
Indian allies, and many of them were massacred in spite of 
the efforts of the French officers to save them. 

4. Change of Policy.— After four years of war the advan- 
tage still seemed to be with the French, although their colo- 



I02 Abridged History of the United States. 

nies counted hardly 100,000 inhabitants, while the English 
had 1,500,000. But when the celebrated statesman, William 
Pitt, afterwards created Earl of Chatham, came to the head 
of affairs in 1757, a great change began. The arrogant and 
incompetent Loudon was superseded by General Abercrom- 
bie, 12,000 troops were sent to America, besides a powerful 
fleet, and Pitt so raised the spirit of the colonies that they 
voted heavy taxes and enlisted even more than the 20,000 
men asked of them. 

6. A land force under General Amherst, with a fleet of 
forty ships under Admiral Boscawen, was now despatched 
against Louisburg, which surrendered in July, 1758, after a 
defence of seven weeks. An expedition, commanded by 
Abercrombie himself, against Fort Ticonderoga, was less for- 
tunate, for Montcalm, with a much smaller army, defeated it 
in a severe battle. A detachment from Abercrombie's force, 
however, captured Fort Frontenac, with its garrison and ship- 
ping. 

6. A third expedition started for Fort Du Quesne, but it 
made little progress until Washington with his Virginians was 
placed in the advance. On his approach the French set the 
fort on fire and fled ; but the damage was soon repaired, and 
the victors renamed the post Fort Pitt, in honor of the British 
minister. 

7. The Conquest of Canada. — Pitt's plans for the campaign 
of 1759 looked to the final reduction of Canada, and the col- 
onists, whom he had treated with justice and consideration, 
gave him a hearty support. Amherst, who had succeeded 
Abercrombie in the chief command, captured Ticonderoga 
(July, 1759), and Fort Niagara, three days later, surrendered 
to General (now Sir) William Johnson. But the most im- 
portant movement was against Quebec. 

8. This expedition was entrusted to General James Wolfe, 
a brilliant young officer, who had greatly distinguished himself 
at the siege of Louisburg, where he was second in command. 
He ascended the St. Lawrence with an army of eight thou- 



The Siege and Capture of Quebec. \o\ 



sand men and a fleet of more than forty vessels, and formed 
two camps, one opposite Quebec, the other on the north or 
Quebec side of the river, nine miles below. The French, 
about equal in strength to the English, and commanded by 
Montcalm himself, were entrenched between this second camp 
and the city. 

9. Montcalm's best defence was the position of the city. 
Quebec consisted of an upper town, with citadel and fortifi- 
cations, occupying the top and slopes of a steep and high 
peninsula, and of a lower town built on the narrow shore 
at the foot of this promontory. The elevation is called the 
Heights of Abraham, and the level summit in the rear is 
known as the Plains of Abraham. 

10. Fall of duebec. — The siege had lasted for two months, 
without important advan- 
tage to either side, when 
Wolfe determined upon a 
most daring expedient. 
He had discovered in the 
steep bank above the town / 
a narrow ravine with a 
winding foot-path. Not 
imagining that an enemy 
could approach by such a 
difficult pass, the French 
had only a small guard at 
the top ; yet by this road 
Wolfe determined to lead 
his soldiers to the heights. 

11. The ships, carry- 
ing about half the army, moved up the river several miles 
beyond the ravine, and a pretence was made of disem- 
barking at several points. But after dark the troops took 
to the boats and with mufiied oars dropped silently down 
the St. Lawrence with the falling tide. They reached the 
landing without being discovered, and clambered up the 




Quebec. 



104 Abridged History of the United States. 

heights, supporting themselves by the branches of trees, 
and before daylight on the 13th of September they were 
drawn up in order of battle on the Plains of Abraham. 

12. Montcalm could hardly believe the news which was 
brought to him in his camp below Quebec, but he hurried up 
with all the force he could muster. After an hour of cannon- 
ading, and an unsuccessful attempt by Montcalm to turn the 
left of the British and force them into the river, the French 
made an impetuous charge upon the English line. The vet- 
eran troops of Monckton withstood the onset. At Wolfe's 
command they reserved their fire until the enemy was within 
forty yards, when they poured in a steady and murderous 
discharge of musketry. The French wavered. Montcalm, 
wounded early in the action, was present everywhere encour- 
aging his men, until, while attempting to rally a body of fugi- 
tive Canadians, he fell mortally wounded, and was carried off 
the field. 

13. Wolfe and Montcalm. — Wolfe was shot twice while 
leading a charge. A third bullet pierced his breast. '' Sup- 
port me," he said to an officer next him; ''don't let my 
brave fellows see me drop." As he was carried to the rear 
he heard the cry, "They run, they run ! " "Who run ?" he 
asked. "The French," was the answer; "they give way 
everywhere." Wolfe roused himself enough to give an order 
for cutting off the retreat, and expired exclaiming, "Now, 
God be praised, I die happy ! " 

14. Montcalm, being told that he had only a few hours 
to survive, replied : " So much the better ; I shall not live 
to see the surrender of Quebec." He pointed out to his 
officers how they might collect troops to renew the attack, 
and then to the commander of the garrison, who asked his 
advice about surrendering the city, he said : "To your keep- 
ing I commend the honor of France. As for me, I shall 
pass the night with God and prepare myself for death." 
He wrote a letter recommending the French prisoners to 
the generosity of the victors, and died at five the next morn- 



Results of the War ; Pontiacs Conspiracy. 105 

ing, having devoted his last hours to the care of his soul. A 
monument to commemorate the heroism of both Wolfe and 
Montcalm was afterwards erected on the battle-field, and an- 
other stands within the city. 

15. Five days later (Sept. 18) Quebec surrendered. The 
contest was prolonged for a year yet, but Wolfe's victory was 
the death-blow to the French power in America. In Sep- 
tember, 1760, the French governor-general, Vaudreuil, surren- 
dered to General Amherst the city of Montreal and the whole 
of Western Canada, it being stipulated in the capitulation 
that the inhabitants should be protected in their property 
and religion. 

16. End of the War. — This was the end of the war be- 
tween the British and French colonies in North America, 
though peace was not restored between France and England 
till the signing of the Treaty of Paris, February, 1763. By 
this agreement, to which Spain and Portugal were also par- 
ties, the French surrendered all their possessions in North 
America. Everything east of the Mississippi River, except 
the town of New Orleans, was relinquished to England. New 
Orleans and that part of Louisiana beyond the Mississippi 
were ceded to Spain. In exchange for Havana, which had 
been captured by the British, Spain yielded Florida to Eng- 
land. In 1800 Spain restored Louisiana to France, and in 
1803 Napoleon sold it to the United States. 

17. The Conspiracy of Pontiac. — The Indians, who had 
been living on good terms with the French traders and set- 
tlers, were greatly displeased at the transfer of the western 
country to the English. A chief of the Ottawas named 
Pontiac formed a conspiracy of the western tribes to fall 
upon all the English frontier posts from Virginia to the 
lakes in May, 1763. In less than a fortnight nearly the 
whole of that region was in the possession of the savages ; 
there was wide-spread massacre and pillage, and Pontiac 
himself besieged Detroit for five months. The siege having 
been raised by a large force of provincials, the tribes sued 



io6 Abridged History of the United States, 

for peace. Pontiac retired to the Illinois country and 
made a stand there for some time longer, finally submitting 
in 1766, 



QUESTIONS. 

1. Who was the French commander in 1756? What were his first 
operations ? 

2. Who was the British commander? What is said of him ? 

3. What did Montcalm accomplish on Lake George? 

4. Who gave a new turn to the English fortunes ? 

5. What occurred at Louisburg ? At Fort Ticonderoga? At Fort 
Frontenac? 

6. At Fort Du Quesne ? 

7. What was Pitt's plan for the campaign of 1759? What were the 
first movements ? 

8. Who commanded the expedition against Quebec? How were 
the two armies placed ? 

9. What was the position of Quebec? 

10. How did Wolfe propose to reach the heights? 

11. Describe his landing. 

12. Give an account of the battle. 

13. How did Wolfe die? 

14. How did Montcalm die? 

15. What was the result of tlie fall of Quebec ? 

16. What did the French surrender by the treaty of peace? 

17. Give an account of the conspiracy of Pontiac. 



PART THIRD. 



THE REVOLUTION. 



CHAPTER XIX. 

Condition of the Colonies afikr the War— Restrictions on 
Trade — The Stamp Act. 

1. The Thirteen Colonies. — At the close of the French 
and Indian war there were thirteen EngUsh colonies in North 
America, not counting the possessions just won from France 
and Spain. They were : Massachusetts Bay, New Hamp- 
shire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, 
South Carolina, and Georgia. The population of the whole 
was a little less than 2,000,000, of whom 350,000 were negro 
slaves. Virginia had the most inhabitants, Massachusetts the 
most whites. The principal town was Boston. 

2. The colonists had suffered a great deal during the 
wars, losing 30,000 soldiers, and spending |i 6,000,000, of 
which the home government refunded only $5,000,000. The 
peace found them with heavy debts, depreciated paper money, 
and prostrated industries. In this state of things the mother- 
country, instead of coming to their relief, laid upon them 
tresh exactions, which created general resentment. 

3. Restrictions on Trade. — The policy of the English 
government was to make the colonies pay tribute to English 
merchants, and to prevent their manufacturing anything for 
themselves. The Navigation Acts made it unlawful for them 
to trade with any country except England. As it was found 
that the Americans were learning how to make good hats out 

1QJ 



io8 Abridged History of the United States. 

of American fur, the London hatters complained, and an Act 
of Parliament accordingly prohibited the transportation of 
hats from one plantation to another. When they began to 
manufacture iron for their own use, the British government 
ordered that '' none in the plantations should manufacture 
iron wares of any kind whatsoever," and that mills, furnaces, 
etc., should be regarded as "nuisances." 

4. Writs of Assistance. — In 1761 the government at- 
tempted to enforce the tyrannical Acts of Trade by the issue 
of "writs of assistance," or general search-warrants, which 
authorized officers of the customs to break into any store or 
private house and hunt for goods which they even suspected 
had not paid duty. The most violent opposition was excited 
to these writs in Massachusetts, where they were first granted. 
The colonists declared their liberties to be in danger, obedi- 
ence was refused, and the legality of the warrants was tested 
in the court at Boston. 

5. Here James Otis, the advocate-general of the crown, 
refused to defend the writs, resigned his office, and appeared 
in behalf of the people. His eloquent and courageous speech 
made a profound impression. " Otis was a flame of fire," 
said John Adams ; " he carried away all before him. Ame- 
rican independence was then and there born." The legality 
of the writs was finally upheld, but the officers did not ven- 
ture to execute them. 

6. The Stamp Act. — The British government had long 
desired to raise a revenue from the colonies, but no ministry 
had ever dared to lay a direct tax upon them. Pitt, however, 
who respected the rights of the Americans, had now been 
driven from office, and King George HI. surrounded himself 
with courtiers and ministers who had no politics except to 
carry out his arbitrary designs. Under the influence of the 
court party Parliament passed a resolution declaring that it 
had authority to tax the colonies, and in 1764 the prime min- 
ister, Grenville, brought forward the scheme of a stamp tax 
to carry this doctrine into effect. 



The Colonists resist British Tyranny. 109 



7. The colonists took the ground that they could not law- 
fully be taxed by a parliament in which they were not rep- 
resented — in other words, that " taxation without representa- 
tion is tyranny." Samuel Adams and James Otis in Mas- 
sachusetts, Patrick Henry in Virginia, became leaders in the 
popular movement. Benjamin Franklin was sent to England 
to oppose the scheme in the name of Pennsylvania. Colonel 
Barre made a speech against it in Parliament. The Stamp 
Act was nevertheless passed in March, 1765. 

8. It declared that every document used in trade, as well 
as every legal paper, to be valid must have affixed to it a 
stamp, the lowest in value costing a shilling, and thence 
increasing in price accord- 
ing to the importance of 
the paper. As a precaution 
against resistance, tlie min- 
isters were authorized to 
send as many troops as they 
saw proper to America, and 
oblige the colonies to supply 
them with "quarters, fuel, 
rum, and other necessaries." 

9. Resistance of the Colo- 
nies. — These acts caused a 
burst of indignation in Ame- 
rica. The Virginia Assem- 
bly passed resolutions intro- ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^. 
duced by the brilliant young 

orator and patriot Patrick Henry, declaring that the General 
Assembly had exclusive right and power to lay taxes and 
impositions upon the inhabitants. His speech on the resolu- 
tions closed with a daring passage : " Caesar," he cried, "had 
his Brutus, Charles his Cromwell, and George the Third " 
—"Treason, treason ! " cried some of the delegates— " George 
the Third may profit by their examples. Sir, if this be 
treason, make the most of it." 




1 lo Abridged History of tJie United States. 

10. The resolutions of Virginia gave the signal for a gene- 
ral outcry. Massachusetts resolved that the courts should 
conduct their business without stamps, and invited all the 
colonies to send delegates to a congress, which met in New 
York in October, delegates from nine colonies being present. 
They drew up a declaration of rights, a memorial to Parlia- 
ment, and a petition to the king, claiming that they could be 
taxed only by their own representatives. The colonial as- 
semblies approved their proceedings, and thus was taken the 
first steps toward a federal union. 

11. So alarming were the popular demonstrations, and so 
great the loss inflicted upon English merchants by the refusal 
of the colonists to buy any goods from them, that Parliament 
repealed the Stamp Act after a few months' vain trial (March 
i8, 1766). Pitt, Burke, Barre, and others in the House of 
Commons defended the action of the Americans, and Pitt de- 
clared that '' if they had submitted they would have volun- 
tarily become slaves." 



QUESTIONS. 

1. Name the diirteen colonies at the close of the French and In- 
dian War. What was their population ? Which was the most popu- 
lous colony ? The largest town ? 

2. What was the condition of the colonists at the peace? How did 
England treat them? 

3. Mention some of the regulations as to trade. 

4. What were the Writs of Assistance? How were they regarded by 
the people? 

5. What is told of James Otis? 

6. What resolution was passed by Parliament under the influence 
of the king ? 

7. What ground did the colonists take? Who were their leaders? 

8. What was the Stamp Act? 

g. What is said of Patrick Henry? 

10. W::at measure did the colonies take ? 

11. How did the British government act in the face of this resist- 
ance ? 



CHAPTER XX. 

The Boston Massacre — Destruction of Tea — The Boston Port 
Bill — The First Continental Congress. 

1. New Schemes of Taxation.— In spite of the failure of 
the stamp duty the ministry persevered in the attempt to tax 
the colonies, and a year after the repeal of Grenville's scheme 
a new act imposed duties on paper, tea, glass, etc. (June, 
1767), in reply to which the Americans renewed their pledge 
not to import any British merchandise. 

2. A Mutiny Act, which empowered the ministry to quar- 
ter soldiers on the colonists, increased the exasperation of the 
people. Massachusetts issued a circular letter to the other 
colonies, urging them to co-operate in efforts to obtain re- 
dress, and nearly all the assemblies passed resolutions deny- 
ing the right of Parliament to tax them. 

3. Popular Tumults. — Commissioners of Customs appoint- 
ed under the new acts arrived at Boston in May, 1768. The 
next month they seized a sloop belonging to John Hancock, 
a popular leader and rich merchant, who had refused to pay 
the tax. A riot followed, and the commissioners fled for 
safety to a fort in the harbor. The government resolved to 
punish ^'the insolent town of Boston," and at the request of 
the royal governor, Bernard, a body of soldiers under General 
Gage was sent to occupy the place. 

4. The Boston Massacre. — The soldiers and citizens had 
constant quarrels. At length, on March 5, 1770, a serious 
collision occurred between the troops and a mob, and the sol- 
diers fired, killing three of the crowd and mortally wounding 
two others. The reports of this " Boston massacre," as it 
was called, were greatly exaggerated and filled the country 
with excitement. 

5. The people demanded the removal of the troops from 
the city, and the trial of the captain and eight men of the 
guard on a charge of murder. The royal officers were 



1 1 2 Abridged History of the United States, 



obliged to yield. Determined, however, to show the respect 
of the Americans for law and justice, two of the most dis- 
tinguished of the popular leaders, John Adams and Josiah 
Quincy, defended the accused on the trial. Captain Preston 
and six of the privates were acquitted ; the. other two were 
found guilty of manslaughter and branded on the hand. 

6. The Tax on Tea. — A change of ministry had now 
brought to the direction of affairs Lord North, a statesman 
who possessed many excellent personal qualities, but is chief- 
ly remembered as the obedient servant of an obstinate king 
and the minister who lost America for the British crown. 
The firmness with which the colonists persevered in their 
non-importation policy had caused so much distress to Brit- 
ish merchants that Lord North determined to remove all the 
duties except a tax of threepence a pound on tea. This was 
retained at the express command of the king, who said that 
" there should always be one tax, at least, to keep up the 
right of taxing." He did not understand that it was against 
"the right of taxing" that the Americans were contending. 

7. The tea-tax, brought forward by the ministry on the 
day of the Boston massacre, only excited the colonies to a 
still more earnest declaration of the principle that " taxation 
without representation is tyranny." Besides pledging them- 
selves to use no tea while the tax remained, they determined 
that none should be landed or sold. In the latter part of 
1773 news came that three ships laden with tea were on their 
way to Boston. A meeting of 5,000 citizens resolved, on mo- 
tion of Samuel Adams, to send the ships back. Governor 
Hutchinson refused to let the ships depart until the tea was 
landed. On the evening of December 16, while the citizens 
were assembled in mass meeting at Faneuil Hall, a band of fifty 
or sixty men, disguised as Indians, went on board the vessels, 
threw the tea into the water, and then quietly dispersed. 

8. At the news of these proceedings Parliament ordered 
the port of Boston to be closed against all ships, and the capi- 
tal to be transferred to Salem ; nearly all the important privi- 



The Old Continentat Con^re^s, \ 1 1 



h' ''^^' -^ ' J 



leges granted to the people by the Charter of Massachusetts 
were taken away ; troops were quartered on the colonies at 
the people's expense ; it was enacted that officers prosecuted 
for deeds done in the enforcement of these laws should not 
be tried except in England ; and General Gage, besides hav- 
ing command of the troops, was appointed governor of the 
colony. About this time the patriot party became known as 
the Whigs and the British party as the Tories. 

9. The duebec Statute. — These grossly tyrannical meas- 
ures aroused everywhere in America the deepest indignation. 
Another act, however, passed about the same time, was emi- 
nently just, although the colonists bitterly resented it. To 
deter Canada from, joining the rebels Parliament passed what 
is known as the Quebec Statute, restoring the French civil 
law, called the " custom of Paris," and sanctioning in Canada 
and all the western country recently acquired from France 
'' the free exercise of the religion of the Church of Rom^," 
with the accustomed dues and rights of the clergy. This 
had been virtually promised in the terms of surrender, but 
Puritan bigotry was still so strong in the colonies that they 
made the concession of liberty of conscience one of their 
grounds of complaint against the ministry — an error of which 
they soon saw cause to repent. 

10. The Old Continental Congress. — The patriots had for 
some time concerted common measures of defence by means 
of "committees of correspondence," when in 1774 several of 
the assemblies proposed a general congress of delegates. 
This body, which met in Philadelphia September 5, with 
representatives from all the colonies except Georgia, was the 
first, or, as it i^ often called, the " old " Continental Congress. 
Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, presided. 

11. Among the most distinguished of the members were 
Washington, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee, of Vir- 
ginia ; Samuel Adams and his second cousin John Adams, of 
Massachusetts; John Jay, Philip Livingston, and James Duane, 
of New York ; Roger Sherman, of Connecticut ; Edward 



f 14 Abridged History of the United States. 



Rutledge, John Rutledge, and Christopher Gadsden, of South 
CaroHna. Patrick Henrv, J. Rutledge, and Lee were the most 

eloquent orators ; " but if 



you speak of solid informa- 
tion and sound judgment," 
said Patrick Henry, " Wash- 
ington was unquestionably 
the greatest man of them all." 
12. The Congress drew 
up a Declaration of Colonial 
Rights, a protest against va- 
rious arbitrary acts of Parlia- 
ment, a petition to the king, 
and addresses to the people 
of Great Britain, Canada, and 
the colonies. The pledge 
against trade with the mo- 
ther-country was renewed, and provision was made for another 
Congress to meet in May, unless the grievances should mean- 
while be redressed. Pitt (who was now Lord Chatham) warm- 
ly praised the wisdom of the Congress, and pointed to it as a 
proof " that all attempts to impose servitude upon such a 
mighty continental nation must be vain." Other enlightened 
English statesmen urged the government to give way, but 
the obstinacy of the king and Lord North was unconquer- 
able ; and so the Revolution began. 




Samuel Adams. 



QUESTIONS. 
I. What new scheme of taxation did the ministry adopt ? How did 
tlie Anif^ricans meet it? 2. What increased the popular exasperation? 
3. What followed the arrival of the Commissioners of Customs ? 
How did the ministry treat Boston ? 4. Give an account of the Boston 
Massacre. 5. How were the offenders dealt with ? 6. What plan did 
Lord North adopt? What was his mistake? 7. How was the tea 
tax received ? Describe the destruction of tea in Boston harbor 
8. What measures of punishment did Parliament enact? q. What 
was the Quebec Statute? 10. What important body met in Philadel- 
phia? When ? II. Name some of the principal members. 12. What 
business did the Congress transact? What did Lord Chatham say 
of it? 



CHAPTER XXI. 

The War Begins — Lexington — Concord — Ticonderoga — Bunker 

Hill. 

1. The People take Arms. — In the meantime the people 
of Massachusetts began to collect arms and enroll themselves 
in companies, prepared to turn out at a minute's notice, from 
which circumstance they were called "minute men." Public 
writers and speakers boldly defended the right of rebellion. 
Royal officers were forced to resign. In defiance of General 
Gage a Provincial Congress of Massachusetts assembled 
under the presidency of John Hancock, first at Cambridge 
and afterwards at Concord, and took measures to call 
out troops and gather military supplies. General Gage in 
alarm sent home for more soldiers, and began to throw up 
fortifications and seize all the arms and ammunition he could 
find. 

2. Learning that guns and powder had been stored at 
Concord, sixteen miles from Boston, Gage ordered eight hun- 
dred picked soldiers to march thither by night and destroy 
them. The movements of the British were closely watched. 
They had no sooner started than signals were given to all 
the surrounding country, and a young patriot named Paul 
Revere, eluding the guards, leaped upon his horse and 
roused the minute-men along the road. "Paul Revere's 
ride " was instantly followed by the ringing of bells and the 
mustering of armed men ; and when the British reached Lex- 
ington, half-way between Boston and Concord, at dawn on the 
19th of April, 1775, sixty or seventy of the patriots were 
drawn up to oppose them. 

3. Battle of Lexington. — Major Pitcairn, who command- 
ed the British advance, cried out, " Disperse, ye villains, 
ye rebels, disperse ! Why don't you lay down your arms 

"5 



Ii6 Abi'idged History of the United States. 

and disperse ? " As they stood motionless, he gave the 
order to fire. It was a slaughter rather than a battle. 
Eight of the patriots were killed and several wounded,, 
and the British then proceeded to Concord to complete 
their work. 

4. Battle of Concord. — Here they destroyed an insignifi- 
cant quantity of stores. At a bridge near the village they 
encountered 400 Americans, hastily collected from the 
neighboring towns, and were so warmly received that they 
began a hasty retreat. The patriots followed them. The 
whole country was in arms. A galling fire was poured 
upon the regulars from behind every fence and almost every 
tree. The retreat became a rout ; and when the British 
were rescued at last by the arrival of Lord Percy with rein- 
forcements, they had lost 273 men. They encamped for the 
night on Bunker Hill under cover of the ships of war in the 
river. 

5. Up to this time no party in America had thought of a 
separation from the mother-country, but now the colonies 
were aflame with the spirit of independence. The Provincial 
Congress of Massachusetts came together under the presi- 
dency of Dr. Joseph Warren, voted to raise 13,000 men, and 
invited the other New England colonies to make up the army 
to 30,000. 

6. Before the end of the month the Americans had 20,000 
men in camp around Boston, and in the course of a few 
weeks the authority of the royal governors in all the colonies 
was at an end. In some places the management of affairp, 
was taken by the provincial Assemblies, in others by provin- 
cial Congresses or Committees of Safety. Franklin was chair- 
man of the Committee of Safety in Pennsylvania. In North 
Carolina the people of Mecklenburg County went so far as to 
assemble in convention at Charlotte (May 31) and adopt a 
formal declaration of independence. This movement, how- 
ever, was not generally sustained. 

7. Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. — The fort- 



Ticonderoga, Croxvn Point, and Bunker Hill. 1 1 7 

resses of Ticonderoga and Crown Point were considered im- 
portant by the colonists, not only on account of their position 
on the frontier of Canada but because they contained a great 
quantity of stores. An expedition of Vermont volunteers, 
known as Green Mountain Boys, marched against them under 
command of Ethan Allen and Seth Warner. Allen surprised 
Ticonderoga at night (May 10, 1775), penetrating into the 
fort undiscovered with about eighty men, and rousing the 
British commander from bed with a summons to surrender. 
" In whose name ? " asked the astonished officer. " In the 
name of Jehovah and the Continental Congress," was the 
reply. Warner captured Crown Point with equal ease, and 
by these two exploits the patriots obtained over two hundred 
cannon and a large supply of powder, of which they had 
great need. 

8. The Second Congress. — The second Continental Con- 
gress met at Philadelphia, May 10, the day of the capture of 
Ticonderoga. Peyton Randolph was at first president, but 
John Hancock soon succeeded him in that position. Wash- 
ington, Jefferson, Franklin, the Adamses, Patrick Henry, and 
R. H. Lee were members. The Congress was moderate and 
asked only for redress of grievances, not independence ; but 
it took vigorous measures to carry on war ; it formed a fede- 
ral union, assumed the general authority of government, and 
authorized the issue of bills of credit. 

9. Battle of Bunker Hill. — The British army in Boston 
soon received large reinforcements led by Generals Howe, 
Burgoyne, and Henry Clinton, raising their total force 
to ten thousand disciplined regulars, besides a considera- 
ble fleet. The Americans comprised a number of inde- 
pendent commands under Generals Artemas Ward of Massa- 
chusetts, Israel Putnam of Connecticut, Nathanael Greene of 
Rhode Island, and others ; General Ward being recognized 
as chief. The whole number of men was about sixteen thou- 
sand. 

10. The Committee of Safety having resolved to make 



Il8 Abridged History of the United States. 



the blockade of Boston more complete by occupying the 
heights of Charlestown overlooking the city and harbor, 
Colonel Prescott, of Massachusetts, with twelve hundred 
men, was ordered (June i6) to march secretly from Cam- 
bridge and throw up entrenchments during the night on Bun- 
ker Hill. He understood his instructions to refer to Breed's 
Hill, an eminence a little nearer Boston, and there, accord- 
ingly, he began to fortify. 

11. The patriots worked all night with such silence that 
their operations were not discovered, and by daylight on the 
17th they had thrown up a redoubt and a breastwork. The 

digging went on some hours 
longer under a fire from the 
fleet, while the British in 
Boston prepared for an as- 
sault. At last the tired 
Americans laid down their 
shovels and took their mus- 
kets. 

12. Prescott was every- 
where, encouraging his men. 
^Vith him were Dr. Joseph 
Warren, one of the ablest of 
the patriot leaders, who held 
a commission as major- 
general, but refused to de- 
prive Prescott of the com- 
mand, and served with a musket as a volunteer ; and Israel 
Putnam, a veteran of the French and Indian wars, now fifty- 
seven years old, who had left his plough standing in the fur- 
row at the news of the fight at Lexington, and in one day had 
galloped sixty-eight miles to join the patriots at Boston. 

13. About three o'clock in the afternoon the assaulting 
party, three thousand picked regulars commanded by Gene- 
rals Howe and Pigot, having crossed the Charles River from 
Boston in boats, advanced up the hill under cover of a fire 




Boston and Vicinity. 



The Battle of Bimker Hill. 119 



from the ships and batteries. The provincials stood firm. 
"Don't one of you fire," said Putnam, "till you see the whites 
of their eyes." 

14. Twice the veteran regiments of King George ad- 
vanced close to the American lines, only to be driven back 
in disorder by the steady and well-aimed fire of the brave 
provincials. The British General Clinton, who was watch- 
ing the engagement from Boston, threw himself into a boat, 
crossed over, succeeded in reforming the defeated red-coats 
on the beach, and, reinforced by marines from the fleet, led 
them to a third assault. As before, the quick but deliberate 
fire of the Americans, delivered at short range, checked the 
advance ; but at this critical moment the ammunition of the 
colonists gave out. After a short and desperate struggle at 
the bayonet's point, Prescott was obliged to abandon the hill 
he had so gallantly defended, and the provincials made good 
their retreat over Charlestown Neck. 

15. At the beginning of the retreat the ardent Warren 
was killed. The Americans lost 449 in killed, wounded, and 
prisoners, while the British loss was over 1,000, or more than 
a third of the force engaged. The battle proved the ability 
of the raw militia to contend against disciplined regulars ; 
and the dear-bought victory, only won by the exhaustion of 
the Americans' powder, was so little satisfactory to the Bri- 
tish government that General Gage was displaced from the 
command and succeeded by General Howe. This engage- 
ment, always known as the Battle of Bunker Hill, was fought 
June 17, 1775. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. Who were the minute-men ? What was done by the Massachu- 
setts Assembly? What did General Gage do? 

2. What was his object in sending troops to Concord? Give an ac- 
count of Paul Revere's ride. 

3. Describe the battle of Lexington. 

4. The battle of Concord. The retreat. 



I20 Abridged History of the United States, 

5. What effect had these occurrences on the popular spirit ? What 
action was taken in Massachusetts ? 

6. What change took place throughout the colonies? Give an ac- 
count of the Mecklenburg Declaration. 

7. Describe the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 

8. What was done by the second Continental Congress ? 

9. What was the strength of the two armies at Boston ? 

ID. What orders were given to Colonel Prescott ? Where did he en- 
trench ? 

12. Who were the American leaders? 

13. Describe the first attack. 

14. Give an account of the battle. 

15. What American leader was killed ? What were the losses on 
each side ? How was the result of the engagement regarded ? By what 
name has the battle always been known ? On what day was it fought ? 



CHAPTER XXII. 



Washington Commander-in-Chief — Operations in Canada — Siege 

OF Boston. 

1. The Continental Army. — The Congress at Philadelphia 
had adopted the unorganized force before Boston as a " Con- 
tinental Army," and appointed George Washington comman- 
der-in-chief of all the troops to be raised for the defence of 
the colonies, voting him pay at the rate of $500 a month. 
He accepted the appointment but refused the pay, declaring 
that he would take nothing but his actual expenses. Setting 
out immediately on horseback, he reached the camp at Cam- 
bridge on the 2d of July, 1775. 

2. Attack upon Canada. — A second army was raised for 
an attack upon Canada, and Washington gave the command 
of it to General Philip Schuyler ; but, Schuyler falling sick on 
the way, the management of the expedition fell to General 
Richard Montgomery, an experienced and distinguished Irish 
soldier, who had lately settled in New York. 



operations in Cajtada and the South. 121 



3. Montgomery captured St. John's and Chambly, both on 
the Sorel (the outlet of Lake Champlain), and then easily 
made himself master of Montreal, after Ethan Allen had 
been taken prisoner in a foolhardy attempt to surprise that 
town, and had been sent 

to England in irons. Mont- 
gomery then moved to the 
attack of Quebec, in con- 
junction with Benedict Ar- 
nold, who, with great loss 
and hardship, had brought 
an expedition through the 
Maine wilderness from Bos- 
ton. 

4. The united army, not 
exceeding 1,100 men, as- 
saulted Quebec on the 31st 
of December, in a blinding 
snow-storm. The brave 
Montgomery was killed al- 
most at the first charge, 

Arnold was badly wounded, and the Americans were 
driven off with a loss of 300 men. They persevered all 
the winter and spring in blockading Quebec, but the arrival 
of reinforcements for the British at last compelled them to 
retire. 

5. Other Operations. — The British fleets in the meantime 
made harassing attacks upon various parts of the coasts. 
Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, having been 
driven out of the colony, collected some ships and burned 
Norfolk (January, 1776). An attack upon Charleston, S. C, 
by a British fleet under Sir Peter Parker and a large land 
force under General Clinton, was beaten off with great loss 
by a small body of men commanded by Colonel Moultrie. 
The colonists were greatly encouraged by this exploit ; more- 
overj they soon fttted out cruisers of their own, and by cajj- 




General Richard Montgomery. 



122 Abridged History of the United States. 



turing British supply-ships they obtained stores of which they 
were in great want. 

6. Commissioners to Canada. — Although the population 
of Canada was still chiefly French and Catholic, and it was 
only two years since the colonies had indignantly protested 
against allowing them the freedom of their religion (see page 
113), it was hoped that they might be persuaded to join in 
the revolt against the British crown, and in the spring of 1776 
delegates were accordingly sent to Montreal. The persons 
chosen for this mission were Benjamin Franklin ; Charles 
Carroll of CarroUton, the distinguished Catholic patriot who 

signed the Declaration 
of Independence as re- 
presentative of Mary- 
land ; Samuel Chase, 
likewise of Maryland ; 
and Father John Carroll, 
a cousin of Charles. 

7. Father Carroll.— 
John Carroll was born 
at Upper Marlborough, 
Maryland, in 1735, 
studied with the Jesu- 
its, first in Maryland 
and afterwards in 
France, became a mem- 
ber of the Society, and 
spent several years in 
priestly duties in Europe. 
After the suppression of the Society of Jesus he retired 
first to England, and in 1774 returned to America to 
devote himself to the mission in Maryland. Here his sym- 
pathies were engaged from the first with the popular side. 
The Catholics of Maryland were amongst the stanchest sup- 
porters of colonial liberty, and they were represented in 
the Continental Congress by two of their most eminent 




Archbishop Carroll. 



The British driven out of Boston. 123 



men — Daniel Carroll, the elder brother of Father John, 
and Charles Carroll, his cousin.* 

8. Franklin endeavored to convince the Canadians of the 
political advantages of a connection with the thirteen colo- 
nies, and Father Carroll used his influence with the clergy ; 
but the British government had caused the protests of the 
colonists against the freedom of the Catholic religion to be 
translated into French and circulated amongst the Cana- 
dians. This, with other causes, defeated the efforts of the 
commissioners, and after a fortnight they returned to New 
York. 

9. Evacuation of Boston. — If the British had been en- 
terprising enough to attack Washington during the winter 
he could hardly have maintained himself at Cambridge ; 
but their inaction enabled him, with the assistance of 
Greene, Putnam, Gates, and other subordinates, to bring 
discipline and order into his destitute and refractory camp, 
to fill up the ranks, and to replenish the stock of pow- 
der. When spring opened he was prepared to take the 
offensive. 

10. Occupying Dorchester Heights by night, he surprised 
the British with a series of redoubts which commanded the 
town and fleet. Not daring to assault these works, Howe had 
no alternative but to evacuate Boston, and on the 17th of 
March he sailed with his whole army for Halifax. This im- 
portant victory for the patriots was received with great re- 
joicings throughout the country, and Congress ordered a gold 
medal to be struck in Washington's honor. 

11. Putting Boston in a state of defence, Washington now 
hastened to New York, where he was certain that the next 
blow would be struck. The fortifications already begun un- 



* In 1789 the episcopal see of Baltimore was erected, and Father Carroll became the 
first bishop in the United States. His appointment had been recommended to the Holy 
See by Franklin, who retained a strong regard for him. In 1808 Bishop Carroll was pro- 
moted to the dignity of archbishop, New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Bardstowq 
being established as suffragap sees, lie died in xSi^, 



I 24 Abridged History of the United States, 

der his orders were hastily completed, Greene was stationed 
with a division of troops on Long Island, and measures were 
taken to disarm the Tory inhabitants. ' 



QUESTIONS. 

r. What military arrangements were made by the Congress? 

2. Who commanded the army despatched against Canada ? 

3. What were Montgomery's first operations ? 

4. Give an account of the attack on Quebec. 

5. What was done by the British fleets ? What occurred at Charles- 
ton ? 

6. What was the object of sending a commission to Canada? Who 
were the commissioners? 

7. Give an account of Father Carroll. What is said of the Catho- 
lics of Mar)'land ? 

8. What was the result of the mission to Canada? 

9. How was Washington emplo)'^ed at Boston ? 

10. To what dilemma did he reduce General Howe ? What was 
Howe's course ? 

11. What did Washington do? 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

The Movement for Independence — Proceedings in the Con- 
gress — The Declaration Adopted. 

1. The Project of Separation. — Even after the war had 
fairly begun the colonies still looked forward to a reconcilia- 
tion with the mother-country, and the first proposals for a 
separation were received with much disapproval. The con- 
flict of arms, however, soon gave an impulse to a bolder 
policy. General instructions extending to the question of 
independence, without using the word, were given by Mas- 
sachusetts to her delegates in Congress in January, 1776, and 
this example was presently followed by others. On the loth 
of May John Adams carried through Congress a resolution 
requesting each of the United Colonies to establish a govern- 
ment for itself. Five days later the Virginia delegates were 
instructed by their Convention to introduce a declaration of 
independence. 

2. In obedience to thiis instruction Richard Henry Lee, 
of Virginia, on the 7th of June moved in the Congress at 
Philadelphia " that the United Colonies are, and ought to 
be, free and independent States, and that their political 
connection with Great Britain is, and ought to be, dissolved." 
This resolution was debated in secret. The majority favored 
it, but the question was postponed to give time for consulta- 
tion with the people. In the meanwhile a committee, consist- 
ing of Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, John Adams of Massa- 
chusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Roger Sherman 
of Connecticut, and Robert R. Livingston of New York, was 
appointed to prepare a formal declaration of independence. 

3. When Lee's postponed "resolution respecting indepen- 
dency " was taken up on the ist of July, the spirit of the pa- 
triots had everywhere declared itself. The military expedi- 
tion "W-as very discouraging. Washington was menaced by 

125 



I 26 Abridged History of the (Jjtited States. 



an overwhelming British force at New York, and the for- 
midable expedition of Parker and Clinton was threatening 
Charleston. Congress was heartened, however, by the news 
that the Convention of Maryland, under the persuasions of 
Carroll and Chase, had just voted unanimously for indepen- 
dence. After Adams had made a powerful address in sup- 
port of the Virginia resolution, a vote was taken in committee 
of the whole. Nine of the thirteen colonies sustained the 
resolution ; South Carolina was unanimously opposed to it ; 
Delaware and Pennsylvania were divided ; New York had 
called a popular convention to consider the question, and, as 
it had not yet met, the delegates in Congress had no autho- 
rity to vote. 

4. The Declaration of Independence. — The matter having 

thus been decided in committee, 
the final vote was taken by the 
House on the 2d of July, when 
twelve colonies resolved " that 
these United Colonies are, and of 
right ought to be, free and inde- 
pendent States ; that they are ab- 
solved from all allegiance to the 
British crown, and that all political 
connection between them and the 
state of Great Britain is, and ought 
to be, totally dissolved." There 
was no opposition. New York was 
still unable to vote, but the delegates of that province were 
in favor of the resolution ; and when the new convention 
met a week later at White Plains, the Declaration was ratified 
unanimously. 

5. The discussions in the Congress at Philadelphia were 
held in private. A large crowd waited in the streets to learn 
the results of the momentous deliberation. In the steeple of 
the State House was a bell, imported from London twenty- 
three years previously, and by a strange coincidence it bor^ 




The Declaration of Independence. 1 2 7 



the following text inscribed on the metal : '' Proclaim liberty 
throughout the land unto all the inhabitants thereof." The 
old bell-ringer stood at his post all day, ready to announce 
the Declaration by a joyous peal, and his boy was stationed 
below to give him the signal as soon as the resolution was 
adopted. As the time went on the story is that the old man 
shook his head and repeated : " They will never do it ! they 
will never do it!" At last the boy appeared, clapping his 
hands and shouting, " Ring ! ring ! " Then the bell " pro- 
claimed liberty,'" and the whole city was filled with rejoicing. 
The Liberty Bell is still preserved at Independence Hall in 
the old State House of Philadelphia, the same room in which 
the Declaration was adopted. 

6. It now remained for the delegates to set forth the rea- 
sons of the separation in the 
formal Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. This famous 
document, written by Jef- 
ferson, had been submitted 
to Congress on the 28th of 
June, and, after a few 
changes, was agreed to on 
the evening of the 4th of 
July, twelve of the colonies 
— or, as they should now be 
called, independent States 
— approving it, and New 
York not voting. It was 
then signed by John Han- 
cock, President of the Con- 
tinental Congress, and immediately published. The other 
delegates waited until it had been carefully engrossed on 
parchment, and did not sign until August 2. 

7. When John Hancock wrote his ncme, in a large, bold, 
and beautiful hand, he said : " There, John Bull can read 
that without spectacles," Franklin remarked : " Well, gen- 




Charles Carroll of Carrollton. 



128 Abridged History of the Ufiitcd States. 

tkmen, we must hang together now, or we are likely to hang 
separately." As Charles Carroll affixed his signature, one of 
the members, knowing that he was very rich, said : " There 
go a few millions. However, there are many Carrolls, and 
the British will not know which one it is." Mr. Carroll there- 
upon, in order that there might be no mistake, added to his 
name " of CarroUton," and he was ever afterward known by 
that title.* 

8. The Declaration was celebrated by the people with 
demonstrations of joy. Washington caused it to be read to 
his soldiers in New York on the 9th of July. On the same 
evening the excited inhabitants pulled down a leaden statue 
of George III. on horseback which stood on the Bowling 
Green, and it was melted into bullets for the use of the 
patriot army. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How were the proposals of separation from England at first re- 
ceived in the colonies ? What was the effect of the conflict of arms ? 
How did Massachusetts instruct her delegates in the Congress? Vir- 
ginia? What resolution was adopted at the instance of John Adams? 

2. Who moved the Virginia resolution? When? V/hat was it? 
What was the result of the debate ? What committee was appointed ? 
Who were the members ? 

3. What was the military situation when Lee's resolution came up ? 
What encouraged Congress? What was the vote in Committee of the 
Whole? 

4. When was the final vote taken? Repeat the resolution. 

5. Give the story of the Liberty Bell. 

6. Who wrote the formal Declaration of Independence? When was 
this document agreed to ? 

7. What did John Hancock say when he wrote his name? Frank- 
lin? Why did Charles Carroll add " of CarroUton " ? 

8. How was the Declaration celebrated ? 

* This illustrious Catholic patriot survived all the other signers of the Declaration of 
Independence, and died in 1832, universally respected. In his last days he uttered these 
words: "I have lived to my ninety-sixth year; I have enjoj'ed continued health; I 
have been blessed with great wealth, prosperity, and most of the good things which the 
world can bestow — public approbation, esteem, applause ; but what I now look back on 
\\'ith greatest satisfaction to myself is that I hjive practised the duties of my religion." 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

The British at New York — Batfle of Long Island— Carleton 
ON Lake Champlain— Battle of White Plains. 

1. The British attack New York.— The British govern- 
•^ment had not been idle during these proceedings. They 

sent out a strong fleet under Admiral Lord Howe, and fur- 
nished heavy reinforcements of soldiers to their military 
commander-in-chief, General Sir William Howe, the admi- 
ral's brother. About 17,000 of these troops were hired from 
the small princes of Germany. As most of them were ob- 
tained from the Prince of Hesse Cassel, they were all called 
by the general name of Hessians. They were especially 
hateful to the Americans. 

2. The first operations were intended to secure the line 
of the Hudson River, so as to cut off New England from the 
other colonies. The Howes were to attack New York, while 
Sir Guy Carleton led an expedition from Canada to Lake 
Champlain. General Howe, with the troops lately driven 
out of Boston, landed on Staten Island, in New York Bay, 
on the 2d of July, and his brother arrived with the fleet and 
other forces ten days later. 

3. Battle of Long Island. — The British crossed from 
Staten Island to Gravesend Bay on Long Island, with the 
intention of seizing Brooklyn Heights, from which command- 
ing position the city of New York would be at their mercy. 
General Greene, to whom Washington had entrusted the 
defence of this ground, had fortified the approaches in an- 
ticipation of such a movement ; but he was attacked by a 
raging fever, and neither Sullivan nor Putnam, who succes- 
sively took his place, was equally familiar with the locality. 

4. Partly in consequence of this misfortune, the British 

succeeded, in the battle of August 27, in gaining a pass be- 

129 







130 Abridged History of the United States, 

yond the hills at the American left, taking their lines in rear, 
and capturing Sullivan with a large number of prisoners. 
This decided the day in their favor, although the fighting 
continued desperately till dark. The Americans lost five hun- 
dred in killed and wounded, besides eleven hundred pri- 
soners, who were soon suffering 
great hardships and cruelties in 
the prisons of New York and the 
prison ships moored in the har- 
bor.* 

5. Howe now waited for his 
fleet to come up in order to com- 
plete the capture of Brooklyn 
and of the army defending it. 
But before light on the morning 
of the 29th, aided by a thick fog, 
Washington caused the whole 
American force to be ferried 
across the East River to New 
York. Thence, as New York 
could be shelled from Brooklyn 
Heights, and attacked on both 
sides by the British fleet, he with- 
drew to Harlem Heights at the 
north end of Manhattan Island. 
New York remained in the hands 
of the British till the close of the war. 

6. Carleton's Expedition. — Howe was still far from his 
object, of controlling the line of the Hudson — a plan, indeed, 
which the British were never able to carry out. Carleton was 
to ascend Lake Champlain and Lake George in boats (there 
were no roads in that region), and thence march to Albany 
to co-operate with an advance from New York. The Ameri- 
cans, under Benedict Arnold, collected a small flotilla to op- 



Washington's Retreat. 



* During the Revolutionary war about 11,000 prisoner? died iu these ships, which 
Jay near the present site of the Brooklyn Navy-y3,rd. 



The Battle of White Plauis. 131 



pose him, and a battle was fought on Lake Champlain, Octo- 
ber II, 1776. Outnumbered two to one, the patriots lost 
more than half their vessels and barely escaped with the rest 
to Ticonderoga ; but they displayed so much courage and 
ability that Carleton did not venture to attack them there, 
and the enterprise was given up for the season. 

7. Nathan Hale. — As it was very important for the Ame- 
ricans to obtain correct information of the force and position 
of the British troops on Long Island, a young captain in a 
Connecticut regiment, named Nathan Hale, volunteered on 
that dangerous service. He entered the camp at Brooklyn, 
learned all the necessary facts, and was about to return when 
he was arrested and hanged the next morning as a spy. 

8. Washington and Howe. — After a delay of a month, 
employed by Washington in reorganizing and drilling his 
poor little army on Harlem Heights, Howe attempted to get 
in the American rear. Washington foiled him by falling back 
to Fordham Heights and entrenching himself there, and for. 
two weeks a series of manoeuvres and skirmishes went on, in 
which the superior skill of the American commander baffled 
all the efforts of Howe's numerous and well-drilled regi- 
ments. 

9. Battle of White Plains.— On the 28th of October a 
battle took place at White Plains. After severe fighting the 
British carried one of the American positions. They then 
rested for the night. During the darkness Washington built 
three redoubts of corn-stalks, piled with the roots outward ; 
the lumps of earth clinging to them, just as they had been 
pulled from the ground, made them look like solid fortifi- 
cations. Deceived by the apparent strength of these works, 
Howe was afraid to attack them in the morning, and while he 
was waiting for reinforcements Washington fortified a much 
stronger position on the heights of Northcastle, five miles dis- 
tant, and fell back with all his baggage, stores, and guns. 
Then he made haste to fortify the passes of the Highlands, 
from West Point to Peckskill, where the Hudson flows through 



132 Abridged History of the United States. 

the gateway of the mountains, and, sending part of his army 
into New Jersey by these defiles, he held the whole force 
ready to move at a moment's notice. Howe waited a few 
days and then retired towards New York. 

10. The whole of this campaign showed the military 
genius of Washington in a strong light. Unable to resist 
Howe's superior numbers, he had nevertheless always saved 
his army and stores by adroit retreats ; and, keeping the 
passes of the Hudson and the communications with New 
England, he had defeated the principal object of the British 
advance. More than this, he had succeeded in holding to- 
gether and reducing to something like discipline a miser- 
able, ragged, hungry, dissatisfied, half-armed and half-hearted 
body of men, who hardly deserved to be called an army. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. What preparations were made by the British to subdue the re- 
bellion ? Who were the Hessian troops ? 

2. What was the first British plan of campaign? 

3. 4. Give an account of the battle of Long Island. What was the 
result ? 

5. What was Washington's course ? 

6. What was the plan of Carleton ? Who opposed him on Lake 
Champlain ? With what result ? 

7. Give an account of Nathan Hale. 

8. Describe the movements of Howe and Washington. 

9. Describe the battle of White Plains. What was Washington's 
next movement? What did Howe do ? 

10. What is said of Washington's conduct in this campaign? 



CHAPTER XXV. 

Washington and Cornwallis in the Jerseys— Battle of Trenton 
— Battle of Princeton. 

1. Campaign in the Jerseys.— Howe's next attempt was 
upon Philadelphia. First capturing Fort Washington, on the 
upper end of Manhattan Island, he sent Lord Cornwallis 
across the Hudson with a strong corps. Washington, who 
divined his intention, instantly moved in the same direction, 
manoeuvring to cover Philadelphia, and the two armies 
crossed the Jerseys in hot haste, often in sight of each other. 

2. The patriots were in great alarm during these move- 
ments. The Convention of New York travelled from place 
to place on horseback, and sometimes, it is said, held meetings 
in the saddle. Congress removed from Philadelphia to Bal- 
timore. The army became demoralized ; and it has lately 
been discovered that Charles Lee, one of Washington's prin- 
cipal generals, who was made prisoner at this time, engaged 
in treasonable correspondence with the enemy. 

3. Battle of Trenton.— Early in December Washington 
had fallen back into Pennsylvania, crossing the Delaware at 
Trenton, and securing all the boats. Cornwallis halted on 
the Jersey side of the river and went into winter quarters. 
Strengthened by the arrival of another division of troops, the 
American commander now determined to strike a sudden 
blow that might at least revive the courage of the people; 
courage was especially needed just then, because the term of 
enlistment of many of his troops was about to expire. He 
resolved to fall upon a detachment of one thousand five hun- 
dred Hessians at Trenton, and he chose Christmas night for 
the attack. 

4. With two thousand four hundred men Washington 
crossed the Delaware in boats nine miles above Trenton, 

^33 



134 Abridged History of the United States. 

The river was full of floating ice, snow was falling, and the 
passage, made with great difficulty, took all night. The 
troops marched in two columns, led by Greene and Sullivan, 
and reached Trenton about eight o'clock on the morning of 
December 26, 1776. The Hessians were completely surprised 
and routed. Their commander. Colonel Rahl, was killed ; 
and Washington returned to camp with one thousand prison- 
ers. Afterwards he recrossed the river and occupied Tren- 
ton. 

5. Battle of Princeton. — The British fell back from the 
river and concentrated at Princeton, and Lord Cornwallis, 
who had returned to New York on his way home to England, 
was hastily sent to take the command again while General 
Howe was bringing up reinforcements. On the 2d of Janu- 
ary, 1777, Cornwallis marched to Trenton, and, resting for 
the night in sight of the American' lines, made preparations 
to attack the next morning. His army was much the larger 
of the two ; a strong force at Princeton was ready to join 
him ; and the position of Washington was full of danger. 

6. But while Cornwallis slept Washington quietly aban- 
doned his camp, marched around his enemy, and at sunrise 
(January 3) fell upon the British reserves at Princeton just as 
they were starting to take part in the expected battle at Tren- 
ton. Some of the American militia, disheartened by the fall 
of their leader, the gallant General Mercer, were put to flight 
early in the action ; but Washington, mounted on a white 
horse, dashed into the thickest of the fight and turned the 
fortune of the day. Those of the British who escaped from 
the field hastened towards Trenton to join Cornwallis. 

7. When Cornwallis approached with the main body the 
Americans were obliged to retire towards Morristown. But 
Washington's brilliant campaign had overturned all his ad- 
versary's plans, Philadelphia was saved ; Congress returned 
to its place ; and in the course of the winter the British were 
driven out of every post they held in New Jersey except New 
Brunswick and Perth Amboy, 



Finance aids the Colonies. 



135 



QUESTIONS. 

1. What was Howe's next attempt? How did Washington meet it? 

2. What was the effect of these movements on the people? 

3. What was the situation of the two armies at Trenton ? What re- 
solve did Washington take ? What date was fixed for the enterprise? 

4. Give an account of the battle of Trenton. 

5. What did Cornwallis undertake in January? 

6. How did Washington outwit him ? Give an account of the bat- 
tle of Princeton ? 

7. What was the result of Washington's campaign in the Jerseys ? 



CHAPTER XXVI. 

Assistance from France— The Navy — Foreign Officers— Battle 

OF THE BrANDYWINE — OCCUPATION OF PHILADELPHIA— BaTTLE 

OF Germantown. 

1. The Aid of France. — The patriots had hitherto de- 
pended for money principally upon a paper currency, which 
declined rapidly in value as 
the issues increased, and the 
cause of independence would 
have been desperate but for 
aid opportunely furnished by 
the French king, Louis XVI. 
Franklin, Silas Deane, and 
Arthur Lee were appointed 
diplomatic commissioners to 
the court of France. They 
were not officially recog- 
nized, for the French gov- 
ernment, although anxious 
to injure England, was not 
yet ready for an open war, 
which would have been the 
consequence of treating the colonies as an independent 
nation ; but they were kindly received, and the court ena- 




Ben^amin Fkanklin. 



136 Abridged History of the United States. 



bled them by indirect means to obtain military supplies from 
the royal arsenals, besides considerable sums of money. 

2. Congress had ordered the construction of a navy, and 
the American agents were allowed to build, buy, and equip 
vessels in French ports. Government cruisers as well as pri- 
vateers were fitted out in this way in France to pursue British 
merchantmen ; and by various subterfuges they were allowed 
to dispose of their prizes in French ports. John Paul Jones, 
Samuel Nicholson, Lambert Wickes, and Gustavus Conyng- 
ham were among the regular naval officers who distinguished 
themselves in cruises directed by the commissioners at Paris, 

3. Foreign Officers. — Commissions were offered to French 
and other foreign officers who wished to serve in the Ameri- 
can armies, and a large number of ambitious soldiers con- 
sequently embarked. Washington was embarrassed by the 

arrival of so many, not all 
of them men of merit, and 
the American officers were 
displeased to find strangers 
suddenly placed over them. 
4. Among the foreigners, 
however, who thus gave their 
services to the American 
cause were several distin- 
guished men : Kosciuszko 
and Pulaski, the famous 
Polish patriots ; Baron Steu- 
ben, an accomplished and 
experienced Prussian sol- 
dier ; Baron de Kalb, an 
Alsatian in the French ser- 
vice ; and the French Mar- 
quis de Lafayette, who, at the age of nineteen, purchased 
a ship with his own means, and, in spite of the prohibition 
of his government, sailed for America to offer his sword, 
without pay, to the cause of independence. These generals 




Lafayette. 



The Battle of the Brandywine, 137 



rendered the most valuable aid to the struggling nation, and 
their names are spoken with gratitude by all Americans/ 

5. Campaign of 1777.— The campaign of 1777 opened 
with detached expeditions, by each side in turn, against 
towns in Connecticut and on Long Island Sound— each in 
turn winning some success. It was not until the end of June 
that Howe developed his purpose, which was to renew the 
attack upon Philadelphia. 

6. The British proceeded by water to a point near the 
head of Chesapeake Bay, sixty miles south of Philadelphia, 
where they landed 18,000 men. Washington, by forced 
marches, had already reached the capital with 11,000 men, 
and marched out to oppose the invader. The two armies 
met at Brandywine Creek, about half-way between the land- 
ing-place and the city (September 11). 

7. Battle of the Brandywine.— Howe ordered the Hes- 
sians, under Knyphausen, to attack the American front at 
Chadd's Ford, while Cornwallis crossed the stream further 
up and attempted to gain tlie American rear. The attack 
at the ford was gallantly resisted by General Wayne, and 
Sullivan, who commanded on the American right, marched 
with three divisions to intercept Cornwallis. He was beaten, 
however, and driven back in confusion, and Wayne was then 
compelled to abandon the ford, Greene bringing up the re- 
serve to cover the retreat. The Americans retired first to 
Chester and then through Philadelphia to Germantown, hav- 
nig lost about twelve hundred men, or twice ns many as the 
British. For his bravery in this battle Count Pulaski was 
made a brigadier-general. Lafayette, who was wounded, dis- 
tinguished himself so highly that he was soon after appointed 
to the command of a division. 

8. After some days, occupied in skirmishes and manoeu- 
vres, Washington was obliged to fall back behind the Schuyl- 
kill, about thirty miles from Philadelphia, and General Howe 
took possession of the city on the 26th of September, Con- 
gress having in the meantime removed first to Lancaster 



138 Abridged History of the United States. 

and afterward to York. The main body of the British was 
stationed at Germantown, then a small village about six miles 
from Philadelphia, but now included within the limits of the 
city. 

9. Battle of Germantown. — Here General Howe was sud- 
denly attacked by Washington at sunrise on the 4th of Octo- 
ber, and his men were driven in disorder. Just when victory 
seemed secure, however, the American line, having to advance 
in a dense fog across ground which was broken by a great 
many strong stone enclosures, became confused in the dark- 
ness ; the officers could not see their own position or that of 
the enemy ; and the British took advantage of the accident 
to rally and repel the attack. The Americans lost one thou- 
sand men in this affair, and their adversary lost about six 
hundred. 

10. Forts Mifflin and Mercer, on the Delaware River be- 
low Philadelphia, were captured by the British after a severe 
engagement, and Washington went into winter quarters at 
Valley Forge, on the Schuylkill, about twenty miles above 
Philadelphia. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. From what source had the patriots hitherto got money? What 
valuable aid did they receive when their financial affairs were becom- 
ing desperate? Who were the American commissioners in France? 
How were they treated ? What privileges did they obtain? 

2. What was done for the establishment of a navy? How did the 
American cruisers dispose of their prizes? Name some of the Ameri- 
can naval commanders. 

3. 4. What is said of foreign officers in the American service ? 
Mention some of the most distinguished. 

5. What was Howe's principal design in the campaign of 1777 ? 

6, 7. Give an account of the battle of the Brandywine. 

8. What was the result of this engagement ? 

9. Describe the battle of Germantown. Where did Washington 
encamp for the Avinter ? 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

Burgoyne's Invasion— Battle of Bennington— Surrender of 

burgoyne. 

1. Burgoyne's Invasion.— While the Americans were thus 
unfortunate in the middle department, a brilliant success in 
the north revived their drooping spirits and had a very impor- 
tant effect upon the fortunes of the war. The British still ad- 
hered to the project of an invasion from Canada to seize the 
whole line of the Hudson River, and a powerful expedition 
was fitted out for that purpose and placed under the com- 
mand of General Burgoyne. 

2. The plan of campaign was arranged by Burgoyne him- 
self after a personal interview with the king. He had nearly 
eight thousand men, of whom four hundred were Indians, 
two hundred and fifty Canadians and Tories, and the rest 
disciplined English and German regulars. There were forty- 
two pieces of artillery. 

3. Burgoyne was an able and distinguished man, and his 
army was one of the best the king had yet sent against the 
American rebels. The Americans, on the other hand, had 
only a very small and ill-furnished force in Northern New 
York. In the course of a month (June-July) Burgoyne drove 
General St. Clair out of Fort Ticonderoga, and worsted him 
at Skenesborough (now Whitehall) and at Hubbardton, and 
the chase was not arrested until the Americans reached Fort 
Edward, on the Hudson. 

4. There Schuyler, who commanded the department, suc- 
ceeded in mustering about forty-five hundred destitute men. 
The British were only twenty-six miles distant, bu^ Schuyler 
obstructed the road so thoroughly by felling trees and burn- 
ing bridges that Burgoyne was twenty-four days in reaching 
the river. In the meantime the Americans had fallen back 

»39 



140 Abridged History of the Vnited States. 



first to Saratoga, and then to Stillwater, near the mouth of 
the Mohawk. 

5. St. Leger's Expedition. — It was part of Burgoyne's 
plan that a force of whites and Indians under Colonel St. 
Leger should march from Canada into the western part 
of New York, and thence proceed down the valley of the 
Mohawk to unite with him at Albany. St. Leger accord- 
ingly moved against Fort Schuyler (now Rome). The 
American militia under General Herkimer hastened to. the 




Map of New York. 



relief of the fort, but fell into an ambush at Oris'kany, and 
many of them were killed, including their brave commander 
(August 6). 

6. Herkimer's sacrifice, however, saved the fort. The 
garrison made a sally, and Arnold, with three regiments from 
Schuyler's army, presently came to the rescue. St. Leger 



Disasiroits ending of Bur goy^ies Campaign, \\\ 

abandoned most of his stores and baggage and fled to Cana- 
da, leaving Burgoyne crippled by his failure. 

7. Battle of Bennington. — Still more unfortunate were 
Burgoyne's undertakings on his left flank. He had sent 
a mixed force under Colonel Baum to seize a quantity of 
stores collected by the Americans at Bennington, Vermont. 
Six miles from the town Baum was confronted by a body of 
New Hampshire militia commanded by Colonel Stark. Both 
parties threw up entrenchments and sent back for reinforce- 
ments. On August 1 6 Stark made an attack in four columns, 
and after an engagement of two hours put the British force 
to rout. 

8. On the same day Colonel Breyman arrived with a fresh 
body of British, but fortunately Colonel Seth Warner came up 
also with help for Stark. The battle was renewed and lasted 
till night, when Breyman retreated in confusion, leaving his 
guns and baggage. The British lost in the two actions about 
two hundred killed, six hundred prisoners, one thousand mus- 
kets, and four cannon. The American loss was only fourteen 
killed and forty-two wounded. 

9. Burgoyne's Advance. — These defeats, together with the 
prudent defensive tactics of General Schuyler, proved the 
ruin of Burgoyne's enterprise. He could not retreat, how- 
ever, because the militia had begun to collect in his rear. 
Pushing on to Saratoga, he fortified a camp there. His des- 
perate situation was not understood by Congress or the peo- 
ple. Schuyler's careful campaign was severely criticised, and 
just as he was about to secure the final victory Congress re- 
moved him from the command, and appointed General Hora- 
tio Gates in his place. Schuyler obeyed gracefully and wel- 
comed his successor with cordiality. 

10. Gates fortified himself on Bemis Heights, near Bur- 
goyne's lines, Kosciuszko acting as his engineer. While 
awaiting the British attack he sent a detachment under 
General Lincoln to harass the enemy's flank and rear. On 
the 19th of September Burgoyne attacked the American 



142 Abridged History of the U^tited States. 

position at Bemis Heights, and a severe battle took place, in 
which the field was lost and won over and over again in the 
course of the day. Night put an end to the indecisive con- 
flict. The British lost six hundred men and the Americans 
three hundred. 

11. The American force was now daily increasing in num- 
bers and spirit. Burgoyne, on the contrary, was in extreme 
distress, and his only hope was in the success of an expedi- 
tion under Sir Henry Clinton which General Howe had sent 
up the Hudson to force the passage of the Highlands. The 
news of the progress of this expedition reached Gates, but 
was kept from Burgoyne. Clinton did succeed in capturing 
Forts Clinton and Montgomery (October 6), burned Kings- 
ton, and ravaged the country, but his help was too late. 

12. Surrender of Burgoyne. — On the 7 th of October a 
severe engagement was fought at Saratoga, when the Ameri- 
cans not only obtained an important advantage in position, 
but captured what they greatly needed, a full supply of am- 
munition. 

13. During the night Burgoyne fell back to the high 
grounds in the rear, but Gates, too wary to attack him there, 
sent a detachment to threaten the enemy's retreat. At last, 
his provisions being nearly exhausted and his army hemmed 
in, Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga on the 17th of Octo- 
ber, giving up 5,800 men and 27 pieces of artillery. Gates 
granted honorable terms to the British, the more readily as 
he was anxious to hasten the surrender before Burgoyne heard 
of the capture of the Highlands and the advance of Sir Henry 
Clinton. 

14. Clinton, on being informed of the capitulation of Bur- 
goyne, returned in haste to New York. The capture of a 
whole British army, and the failure of the invasion which 
had excited so much alarm, filled the people with exultation. 
The battles of Saratoga also had an important effect in prov- 
ing to the Americans that their marksmen were able to with- 
stand the British bayonet. 



The Dark Winter of ly^j-'/S, 143 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What was the object of Burgoyne's expedition? 

2. How was his force composed ? 

3. What were the first operations in the campaign ? 

4. How did General Schuyler obstruct the British advance? 

5. What did Burgoyne expect of Colonel St. Leger's expedition ? 
What occurred near Fort Schuyler? 

6. What followed this affair? The result? 

7. What did Burgoyne attempt on his left ? 
7, 8. Describe the battle of Bennington, 

9. What was now Burgo)^ne's situation ? How was Schuyler treat- 
ed by the Congress ? 

10. Give an account of the battle of Bemis Heights. 

II What was Burgoyne's last hope? What had Clinton accomplish- 
ed ? Was he in time ? 

12. Describe the battle and surrender at Saratoga. 

13, 14. What was the effect of the surrender? 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 

Operations of 177S— Alliance with France— Battle of Mon- 
mouth — Massacre of Wyoming. 

1. The Dark Winter.— Although the surrender of Bur- 
goyne was a great victory for the patriots, their cause still 
looked dark, and the winter of 1777-78 was the most trying 
time of the war. Washington's army at Valley Forge was in 
great misery. The soldiers were without shoes or blankets ; 
the snow was stained by their bleeding feet. They sat all 
night around the camp-fires for fear of freezing. There was 
no money to pay them, and little for them to eat. Washing- 
ton's constancy under these troubles was . admirable. His 
wife, who was popularly called " Lady Washington," spent 
the winter with him in the camp, and greatly endeared her- 
self to the soldiers by her care of the sick ^ncj suffer- 
ing. 



144 Abridged History of the United States. 



2. The Conway Cabal. — During this anxious time a plot 
was formed by Generals Conway and Mifflin, aided by a few 
members of Congress, to force Washington from his com- 
mand and put Lee or Gates in his place. The scheme, 
known in history as " the Conway Cabal," was brought to 
light ; Washington became more popular than ever, and Con- 
way wrote a humble apology. 

3. Brighter Prospects. — In the spring the condition of 
affairs improved. Relief was afforded to the treasury by the 
patriotism of Robert Morris, a rich merchant of Philadelphia, 
who raised large sums of money for the government on his 
personal credit, and continued to serve the country in this 
way till the end of the war. The British Parliament, alarmed 
by the surrender of Burgoyne, made an attempt at reconcilia- 
tion, but the colonists would listen to no proposals short of 
independence. Johnstone, one of the British commissioners 
sent over to negotiate terms, was exposed in an attempt to 
bribe Joseph Reed, the President 'of Pennsylvania, and was 
forced to resign his appointment. " I am not worth purchas- 
ing," said Reed, ''but such as I am the King of England is 
not rich enough to buy me." In a manifesto to the people 
the British agents tried to excite the bigotry of the Protestant 
clergy against an alliance with French "papists." 

4. On the whole, the proceedings of the British commis- 
sioners intensified the resolution of the Americans to be free. 
A proposal to acknowledge their independence was made in 
Parliament ; and it was while protesting in the House of Lords 
against any such *' dismemberment of the British Empire " 
that Lord Chatham fell in an apoplectic fit, dying shortly 
after. 

5. Alliance with France. — But the most important result 
of the capture of Burgoyne was the determination of the 
French king to make an open alliance with the colonists and 
acknowledge their independence. On the 6th of February, 
1778, two treaties were signed with the American commis- 
sioners in Paris — one of commerce and friendship, the other 



The Battle of Mo7tmouth. 1 45 



of alliance. No peace was to be made until the indepen- 
dence of America was secured. The influence of Franklin, 
who was a great favorite in Paris, both with the court and 
with the people, was of the highest service to his country in 
concluding this affair. War, of course, was declared at once 
between France and England. 

6. The French immediately fitted out a fleet of sixteen 
large vessels under Count d'Estaing, and despatched it to the 
Delaware. This obliged the British to evacuate Philadelphia. 
Their ships, under Lord Howe, sailed for New York, and the 
troops, now commanded by Sir Henry CHnton, who had suc- 
ceeded General Howe, marched for the same place. 

7. Battle of Monmouth. — Washington pursued them with 
all haste, and after a severe chase came up with them at Mon- 
mouth Court- House, New Jersey. There a hard battle was 
fought, June 28, 1778. The attack was begun by General 
Charles Lee's division, which was easily beaten and fled in 
disorder, Washington succeeded in arresting the panic, ad- 
dressing to Lee on the spot a very severe reprimand, and a 
general engagement followed, broken off at night without 
decisive result. Under cover of the darkness Clinton stole 
away and reached the protection of the fleet at Sandy 
Hook. 

8. The American loss in the battle was about 200 and the 
British loss 300 ; but the retreat had cost Clinton in killed, 
wounded, and missing nearly 2,000. For his conduct at Mon- 
mouth Lee was arrested and tried by court-martial ; he was 
acquitted of the most serious charges, but found guilty of 
disrespectful behavior to the commander-in-chief and sus- 
pended for a year. This was the end of his career in the 
army. He was soon afterwards dismissed for writing an in- 
solent letter to Congress. 

9. Operations of D'Estaing. — A combined land and naval 
attack upon NcAvport was now planned. General Sullivan 
mustered a large force of American militia for the enter- 
prise, and the French fleet, closely followed by the British, 



146 Abridged History of the United States. 



appeared in Narraganset Bay ; but a storm dispersed the 
ships, and the French commander, abandoning the under- 
taking, sailed for Boston to repair damages. 

10. Massacre of Wyoming. — In July, 1778, a large body 
of Tories and Indians, commanded by Colonel John Butler, 
made a raid into the Wyoming valley, on the Susquehanna, 
opposite the present town of Wilkesbarre {wilks-barry), in 
Pennsylvania. A settlement called Westmoreland had been 
made here some years before by emigrants from Connecticut 
and elsewhere, and it now had 2,000 or 3,000 inhabitants, a 
large proportion of whom, however, were absent in Washing- 
ton's army. Colonel Butler defeated the small body of sol- 
diers which attempted to oppose him (July 3), and compelled 
the rest of the people who had taken refuge in Fort Wyoming 

to surrender, on promise of 
security to life and property. 
Butler, however, was unable 
to control his savage allies. 
They massacred about 400 
prisoners and civilians, burn- 
ed the houses, and destroyed 
the crops ; and the survi- 
vors, mostly women and chil- 
dren, fled to the mountains, 
where many of them per- 
ished. 

11. The cruel policy of 
arming the savages against 
the white settlers had been 
especially urged by King 
George III. It had the natural consequence of provoking 
retaliation, and much misery followed on both sides. The 
red men under the famous Mohawk chief. Brant, and the 
loyalists under John Johnson, a son of Sir William (see 
page 102), for a long time spread terror through Central 
New York, 




Brant. 



The War 171 the South. 147 



QUESTIONS. 

1. What was the condition of the American army at Valley Forge? 
What is said of the behavior of Washington and his wife? 

2. What was the Conway Cabal ? How did it end ? 

3. What financial assistance did the treasury receive in the spring? 
What attempt at reconciliation was made by the British government? 
How did the English commissioners conduct themselves? 

4. What was the result of these proceedings? Under what circum- 
stances did Lord Chatham die ? 

5. What important change in French policy followed the surrender 
of Burgoyne? What were the principal terms of the alliance? 

6. What force did the French send out ? What was the consequence 
of D'Estaing's arrival ? 

7. Describe the battle of Monmouth. 

8. What were the losses on each side ? Wliat was the subsequent 
history of General Charles Lee ? 

9. What operation was planned by D'Estaing and Sullivan ? How 
was it defeated ? 

10. What attack was made upon the Wyoming valley ? Describe 
the massacre. 

11. Who specially urged the arming of the savages against the 
American patriots ? What was the consequence of this policy ? What 
famous leaders of the Mohawks and the Tories kept Central New York 
in terror ? 



CHAPTER XXIX. 



The War in the South — Capture of Stony Point — Hostilities 
WITH THE Indians — Exploit of John Paul Jones. 

1. The War transferred to the South. — Washington was 
now disposed to stand on the defensive while still fiirther 
strengthening and improving his army. The British, on their 
part, despairing of success in the middle and northern colo- 
nies, determined to strike a blow at the South, and Clinton 
sent an expedition thither by water. 

2. Savannah was easily captured. The whole State of 
Georgia surrendered. Many of the Tory inhabitants took 
arms against their countrymen ; and in May, 1779, the Bri- 
tish General Prevost, after defeating an American force at 
Brier Creek, crossed into South Carolina to attack Charles- 
ton. The city was saved by the rapid march of General Lin- 



148 Abridged History of the United States. 

coin to its relief ; but when Lincoln afterwards attacked the 
British he was beaten at Stono Ferry (June 20). 

3. In September Lincoln undertook to recapture Savan- 
nah with the co-operation of Count d'Estaing's fleet. After 
a siege of a fortnight an assault was made upon the British 
works by the French and Americans together (October 9). 
At the end of five hours' fighting, in the course of which the 
gallant Pulaski was mortally wounded, a truce was arranged 
for the purpose of burying the dead. The French com- 
mander, as on a former occasion, lost heart, refused to re- 
new the attack, and sailed away, and Lincoln was obliged to 
retire to Charleston. This ended the Southern campaign for 
that year, 

4. Affairs on the Coasts. — At the North the British did all 
in their power to harass the people by raids upon the coasts. 
One of the ravaging expeditions, under General Tryon, dis- 
persed a small outpost of Putnam's near Greenwich, Connec- 
ticut. Putnam escaped with a bullet through his hat, by rid- 
ing on horseback down a steep declivity where a long flight 
of steps had been cut in the bank. Collecting his men, he 
then hung upon the rear of the British, recaptured some of 
their plunder, and took fifty prisoners, whom he treated so 
kindly that the British commander wrote him a letter of 
thanks. 

5. Events on the Hudson. — Washington had ordered the 
construction of two forts, one at Stony Point on the west 
bank of the Hudson, the other at Verplanck's Point oppo- 
site ; these works commanded the crossing at King's Ferry, 
just below the entrance to the Highlands. Sir Henry Clin- 
ton had captured Stony Point while the works were still un- 
finished, and Verplanck's Point was obliged thereupon to 
surrender. Regarding these posts as very important to his 
army, Washington sent General Wayne (whose daring ex- 
ploits won for him the name of " Mad Anthony ") to attempt 
their recapture. The plan was Washington's in all its details. 
Wayne carried it out with splendid success, assaulting Stony 



Capture of Stony Point, 149 

Point with two columns, about one o'clock in the morning 
(July 16, 1779), killing sixty of the garrison and making all 
the rest prisoners. The Americans did not fire a gun, but 
trusted entirely to the bayonet. This has been called one of 
the most brilliant exploits of the war. It resulted in the cap- 
ture of a large amount of military stores, and put a stop to 
the depredations of Tryon on Long Island Sound ; and al- 
though Verplanck's Point was saved by the arrival of Sir 
Henry Clinton, and Stony Point had consequently to be 
evacuated, the British soon abandoned both these places and 
transferred their troops to the South. 

6. A few weeks later there was another gallant affair at 
Paulus Hook (Jersey City), opposite New York, where Major 
Henry Lee* surprised the garrison by night (August 18), and 
brought away one hundred and fifty-nine prisoners. 

7. Hostilities with the Indians. — In the West the hostility 
of the Indians, instigated by the British commander at De- 
troit, was in part counteracted by the daring operations of a 
force of pioneers under Major Clarke, who captured several 
of the British posts north of the Ohio. The Six Nations of 
New York were more formidable, and a considerable military 
force, including three brigades from Washington's army, was 
sent against them in the summer of 1779 under the command 
of Sullivan. 

8. Joined by General James Clinton f with another bri- 

* The Lees of Virginia played a remarkable part in the American Revolution. Five 
brothers won more or less fame, the best known being Richard Henry, who introduced 
the resolution of independence in the Continental Congress and was distinguished as an 
orator ; Francis Lightfoot, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence ; and 
Arthur, who was agent of the colonies in London, and diplomatic agent of the United 
States successively in Paris, Madrid, and Berlin. Henry Lee, the hero of the exploit 
above mentioned, was a cousin of these distinguished brothers. He served with great 
credit through the war, commanding an independent corps, or legion, principally of cav- 
alry, and was known as " Light-Horse Harry," or " Legion Harry." He was a favorite 
of Washington, to whom he applied the celebrated phrase, " First in war, first in peace, 
and first in the hearts of his countrymen." Robert E. Lee, the commander-in-chief of 
the Confederate armies during the Civil War, was his son. General Charles Lee was an 
Englishman by birth, and belonged to another family. 

t There were three generals named Clinton in the Revolution. Sir Henry Clinton 
was the British commander-in-chief ; George and James Clinton, brothers, were distin- 



150 Abridged History of th^ United States. 

gade, Sullivan gave battle to a large body of Indians and 
Tories led by Brant, Johnson, and the Butlers, at Newtown, 
now Elmira (August 29), and routed them. Then he ravaged 
the Genesee valley, burned all the Indian villages, and de- 
stroyed the crops, his purpose being to lay waste the whole 
region in which the savages found shelter. 

9. Naval Affairs. — The American navy was still small, 
but it was active and enterprising. The cruisers and priva- 
teers had captured over five hundred British vessels. Gal- 
lant services were performed by James and Samuel Nichol- 
son, Nicholas Biddle, John Barry (an Irish Catholic who 
was afterwards at the head of the navy), and other brave 
officers. 

10. Commodore Barry — Barry was the first officer who 
ever took to sea an armed vessel belonging to the American 
colonies. With this cruiser, the Lexin(^to7i, he promptly cap- 
tured a British armed tender off the capes of the Delaware. 
Afterwards, with his boats' crews, he destroyed five British 
vessels below Philadelphia without losing a man. Blockaded 
by a superior force, he left his ship in port to join the army ; 
and, like his comrade. Captain James Nicholson, he fought 
under Washington at the battle of Trenton. He served with 
great distinction throughout the war, repelling the attempts 
of the British government to corrupt him ; and he died uni- 
versally respected. 

11. John Paul Jones. — This officer was of Scotch birth. 
In 1778 he made a successful cruise in an eighteen-gun vessel 
called the Ranger, with which he took a large number of 
prizes. He was then placed in command of a squadron of 
five vessels fitted out in France, his flag-ship being an old 
Indiaman altered to a man-of-war, ill-equipped and imper- 
fectly armed ; she was named the Bon Homme Richard, in 
allusion to the '^ Poor Richard " of Dr. Franklin's almanac. 

guished officers on the American side, and George became Governor of New York and 
Vice-President of the United States. De Witt Clinton, an eminent governor of New 
York, was the son of General James Clinton. 



Exploit of John Paul Jones. i 5 i 

12. With this squadron Jones sailed from L'Orient, 
France, for the North Sea, and in the course of a month 
captured or destroyed twenty-six vessels and spread terror 
along the eastern coast of England. On the 23d of Septem- 
ber, 1779, having two of his ships in company, he encounter- 
ed off Flamborough Head, on the coast of Yorkshire, a fleet 
of English merchant vessels under convoy of two powerful 
men-of-war, the Serapis and the Countess of Scarborough. 
Jones immediately gave chase, and came up with the Serapis 
soon after nightfall. One of the most terrible engagements 
on record now took place by moonlight, in full view of crowds 
of people who lined the shore. 

13. The ships lay touching each other, and Jones lashed 
them together for a furious hand-to-hand combat. After the 
Bon Homme Richard had been dreadfully injured by the 
bursting of two of her guns the commander of the Serapis 
called out to inquire if she had surrendered. " I have not 
begun to fight yet," was the reply of the American captain. 

14. The battle lasted three hours, when the Serapis^ a 
much finer and heavier ship than her antagonist, hauled 
down her flag. The Bon Homme Richard was on fire in 
two places, and so badly injured that she sank a few hours 
later, all hands being transferred to the Serapis. In the 
meantime the Countess of Scarborough had surrendered to one 
of the other ships, but the third vessel of Jones's squadron, a 
frigate commanded by a French officer named Landais, gave 
no help in the victory.* 



QUESTIONS. 

1. To what point did the British now transfer the war ? 

2. What city and State did they capture ? What was the result of 
their attempt upon Charleston ? 

3. Give an account of Lincoln's enterprise against Savannah. How 
was it foiled ? 



* Landais gave great trouble to the Americans. He was finally declared insane and 
dismissed the service. 



152 Abridged Histoiy of the United States. 

4. Give an account of Putnam's adventure near Greenwich. 

5. What important forts were taken b)'^ the British in the High- 
lands? Whom did Washington send to recapture them ? Give an ac- 
count of the storming of Stony Point. What was the efiect of this ex- 
ploit? 

6. What was Major Lee's exploit at Paulas Hook? 

7. What Indian tribes did the British rouse to hostilities in New 
York ? Whom did Washington send against them? 

8. Give an account of Sullivan's campaign. 

9. What is said of the American navy? 

10. Give a sketch of Commodore Barry. 

11. What officer commanded a squadron fitted out in France in 
1779? What was the name of his flag-ship? 

12. What did he accomplish in the North Sea? What occurred off 
the Yorkshire coast ? 

13. 14. Give an account of the battle. 



CHAPTER XXX. 



Capture of Charleston — Outrages in the South — Defeat of 
Gates — The Partisan Bands. 

1. Capture of Charleston. — Sir Henry Clinton directed 
the next campaign at the South in person. With a fleet and 
a strong land force he appeared in February, 1780, before 
Charleston, where General Lincoln commanded a small gar- 
rison of Continentals. The city was gradually invested ; the 
American detachments which tried to keep open communica- 
tion with the country were defeated ; and Lincoln, who ought 
to have retired, while he had a chance, from a place which he 
was too weak to defend, was forced to surrender May 12, the 
soldiers and male citizens becoming prisoners of war. The 
town was plundered, and the negroes were shipped to the 
West Indies to be sold. 

2. British Outrages.— Clinton now sent out expeditions to 
scour the State, and the war assumed a cruel and brutal 



Outrages in the South ; Defeat of Gates. 153 

character from which it was generally free in the North. 
Colonel Tarleton, of the British regulars, and Major Fer- 
guson, who commanded a band of Tories, were especially 
notorious for their severities. On one occasion Tarleton 
massacred in cold blood over a hundred men of a Virginia 
regiment who were offering no resistance, but suing for 
quarter. 

3. When Clinton returned to the North, leaving the Caro- 
linas in the hands of Lord Cornwallis, the barbarities were 
increased. The people were forcibly enrolled for military 
service under the hated British flag ; even prisoners on pa- 
role were driven into the ranks to fight against their country. 
Numbers of the patriots were imprisoned or hanged, and their 
property was confiscated ; women were beaten ; the Cherokee 
Indians were encouraged to take arms. 

4. Partisan Bands. — Under this reign of terror the spirit 
of resistance was kept alive by numerous bands of patriots, 
who hovered around the British detachments and kept them 
in constant alarm. One of the most famous of the partisan 
leaders was Sumter, whose force, after winning some suc- 
cesses, was almost annihilated by Tarleton near the Catawba 
River (August 18). Another was Marion, who kept the 
country between the Pedee and Santee in arms. Pickens 
and Clarke were commanders of corps in the western part 
of the State. 

5. Gates in the South.— Against the wishes of Washing- 
ton, Congress appointed General Gates to the command of 
the Southern department, and this greatly overrated officer, 
collecting about six thousand men, marched precipitately 
against Cornwallis near Camden, in middle South Carolina. 
He was surprised on the road at two o'clock in the morn- 
ing (August 16) and disgracefully beaten. He had placed 
the worst of his new militia-men in front ; they ran at the 
first onset, and nearly two-thirds of the army scattered 
without firing a shot. The brave Baron de Kalb was 
mortally wounded in trying to save the day. Gates fied 



54 Abindged History of the United States. 



to North Carolina, leaving his fugitive soldiers to take care 
of themselves. Soon afterward he was removed from his 
command. 

6. Cornwallis next entered North Carolina, but here his 
progress was checked by a disaster to Ferguson's corps of 
Tories, who were surprised at King's Mountain by a body of 
backwoodsmen and Virginia militia under Colonel Camp- 
bell. The whole command was either killed or captured 




Map of the Carolinas. 

(October 7), Ferguson himself being among the slain. Sad 
to say, several of the prisoners were hanged on the spot, in 
revenge for the cruelties of the Tories. 

7. When Cornwallis now retreated into the northwestern 
part of South Carolina, the whole country seemed to rise in 
arms. Marion, who could boast that he never burned houses 
or distressed women and children, continually harassed the 
British soldiers, and defied pursuit by the rapidity and 



Treason of Beiiedict Arnold, 155 

secrecy of his movements. Sumter appeared at the head of 
a considerable force, and defeated Tarleton, who was sent 
to crush him. 



QUESTIONS. 



1. Who commanded the British in the next Southern campaign? 
Describe the capture of Charleston. 

2. What was the character of the war in South Carolina? What 
British officers were especially notorious for their severities? 

3. What occurred after the command was left to Lord Cornwallis? 

4. What were tlie partisan bands? Name some of their leaders. 

5. Whom did Congress appoint to the command in the South ? 
Give an account of the battle near Camden. What became of Gates? 

6. How was the progress of Cornwallis checked? 

7. What followed this affair? 



CHAPTER XXXI. 

Treason of Benedict Arnold — Execution of Major Andre. 

1. The Crime of Arnold — Washington during these trans- 
actions had his headquarters at Morristown, New Jersey, 
where he was in great straits to maintain his destitute and 
discontented army. A danger threatened him from a source 
which he little suspected. 

2. General Benedict Arnold, though a brave and able sol- 
dier, was a vicious and treacherous man. He entered into a 
secret correspondence with Sir Henry Clinton, and agreed to 
betray his country for a large sum of money and a coinmis- 
sion in the British army. In order to carry out this infamous 
design he asked and obtained from Washington the command 
of West Point. 

3. His plan was to surrender this important post to the 
British. The details were arranged through Major Andre, 
iin accomplished young officer of Sir Henr^ Clinton's staff, 



156 AbiHdged Histojy of the United States. 

and after the interchange of several letters it was agreed that 
Andre should meet Arnold by night near Haverstraw on the 
Hudson, which was neutral ground between the English and 
American lines, Andre landed from the sloop-of-war Vulture^ 
and the last particulars of the treachery were settled at the 
promised interview. The Vulture^ however, was driven some 
distance down the river by the American batteries, and, un- 
able to return to her, Ardre Avas obliged to cross the Hudson 




Capture of Major Andre. 



and attempt to reach New York by land, passing the Ameri- 
can lines in disguise. 

4. Capture of Andre. — This rendered him liable to be 
hanged as a spy if he was caught. Arnold, however, had 
given him an order instructing the sentries to pass " Mr. John 
Anderson " on public business. Near Tarry town he was 
arrested by three patriot militia-men, Paulding, Van Wart, and 



Caphire and E execution of Aiid7^e. 157 

Williams, whom he at first mistook for Tory refugees. An 
incautious expression aroused their suspicions ; they refused 
to recognize Arnold's pass, and insisted upon searching their 
prisoner. In his boots they found a plan of West Point and 
other papers which disclosed the whole plot ; and, rejecting 
the large reward which he offered them for his liberty, they 
conducted him to the nearest American post, at Northcastle. 

5. Execution of Andre. — The greatest pity was felt for 
Andre, but under the laws of war there could be no hesita- 
tion as to his fate. He was tried by a board of fourteen 
generals, with Greene at the head, condemned as a spy, and 
hanged at Tappan, near the Hudson, October 2, 1780. Each 
of his captors received from Congress a silver medal and a 
life pension of two hundred dollars. 

6. Arnold made his escape to the Vulture. He received 
about thirty thousand dollars for his perfidy. He bore arms 
against his country with the rank of brigadier-general ; but 
he was despised and insulted by the English to whom he had 
sold himself, and he died in London in obscurity. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. How was Washington occupied during these transactions at the 
South ? 

2. What criminal purpose was conceived by Benedict Arnold? 

3. How were the details of the surrender negotiated ? 

4. Give an account of the capture of Andre. 

5. What was his fate? What was Arnold's reward ? 



CHAPTER XXXII. 

Arrival of Count Rochambeau— Revolt among the Troops — 
Greene in the South. 

1. More Aid from France. — As an offset to the effect of 
Arnold's perfidy, the Americans were cheered by the news of 
further assistance from France, obtained largely by the per- 
sonal efforts of Lafayette, aided by the influence of Queen 
Marie Antoinette. Count Rochambeau with six thousand 
troops, and Admiral de Ternay with a fleet (replacing D'Es- 
taing, who had gone home), arrived at Newport in July, 1780, 
and more troops and vessels were to follow. The most cor- 
dial relations were established between the French and Ame- 
rican soldiers, and the French officers showed the highest 
admiration for Washington and his principal officers. The 
British Admiral Arbuthnot, however, succeeded in shutting 
up De Ternay at Newport, and for some time the French con- 
tingent was of no use. 

2. Revolt of the Pennsylvania Line. — The troops at Mor- 
ristown suffered a great deal during the next winter (1780-81), 
and complained bitterly at not receiving their pay ; besides 
which there was a dispute as to the time for which they had 
been enlisted. On New Year's day, 1781, the men of the 
Pennsylvania line, thirteen hundred strong, marched out of 
camp and started for Philadelphia with arms in their hands 
to demand redress from Congress. General Wayne attempt- 
ed to stop them, but they threatened to run him through with 
the bayonet. A captain was killed and several other officers 
were wounded. 

3. At Princeton the agents of Sir Henry Clinton urged 
them to desert to the British, but the soldiers, though they 
WQi'^ mutineers^ were not traitors ; they arrested the agents 



The War in the South. 15^ 



and delivered them to General Wayne as spies. A committee 
of Congress was sent to treat with the troops, and it was 
agreed to accept the understanding of the men as to their 
term of enlistment, to provide them with clothing, and to 
make certain arrangements for their pay. A dangerous revolt 
was thus checked, but nearly all the Pennsylvanians obtained 
their discharge, and the effect of this successful mutiny upon 
the rest of the army was very bad. A rising of New Jersey 
regiments a few days later was put down by force, and two 
of the ringleaders were shot. 

4. Campaign in the South.— The direction of affairs in 
the South had now been entrusted to Major-General Greene, 
who had always been Washington's first choice for that im- 
portant duty. Steuben aided him in the reorganization of an 
army. Henry Lee with his famous legion was detached to 
serve under him ; and he had the assistance also of General 
Morgan, an enterprising officer already in South Carolina 
with an independent command. 

5. The Cowpens. — The first movement of Cornwallis was 
an attempt to prevent the junction of Morgan with Greene's 
main body. Morgan defeated this plan by a rapid retreat 
towards North Carolina. At a place called the Cowpens, near 
the battle-field of King's Mountain, he turned to face his 
pursuers, defeating Tarleton's light division, and inflicting 
upon it a loss of six hundred men, with all the artillery and 
baggage, while Morgan's own loss was only eighty (January 
17, 1781). 

6. Morgan now hastened his march towards Greene, and 
Cornwallis made extraordinary exertions to overtake him, 
even burning his stores and superfluous baggage in order to 
move the faster. Twice the Americans were saved by high 
water in the rivers, which suddenly rose after they had cross- 
ed, and delayed their pursuers. 

7. When the Americans were at last united under Greene 
in Central North Carolina, they numbered little more than 
two thousand men, quite unfit to meet the larger and better- 



l6o Abridged History of the United States. 

appointed army of the enemy. Some weeks of manoeuvring 
and skirmishing followed, in which Greene, always on the 
march, and never encamping twice in the same place, baffled 
Cornwallis until the arrival of some volunteers encouraged 
the Americans to offer battle. 

8. Battle of Guilford Court-House. — The engagement 
took place at Guilford Court-House, near the present town 
of Greensborough, North Carolina, March 15, 1781. At the 
first assault many of the raw troops broke and ran, and 
the advantage for some time was decidedly with the British. 
Greene's veteran Continentals, however, though few in num- 
ber, were fully equal to the British regulars, and their steadi- 
ness turned the fortunes of the day. Cornwallis only ex- 
tricated a part of his regiments by playing his artillery full 
in the face of his own men and cutting down friend and 
foe together. 

9. Deserted by a large part of his own men, Greene was 
nevertheless obliged to fall back after the battle. The ap- 
pearance of victory, therefore, remained with the British, but 
all the substantial advantages fell to the Americans. Corn- 
wallis had suffered so severely that he had to retire towards 
the sea-coast and give up his plan of campaign. Greene's 
generalship was universally applauded. 

10. Greene in South Carolina. — After pursuing Cornwallis 
towards Wilmington, Greene formed the bold plan of march- 
ing past him and recovering South Carolina, where the Bri- 
tish held a chain of posts extending from Camden westward 
to Fort Ninety-six, and thence to Augusta and Charleston. 
Cornwallis, when he discovered this movement, resolved to 
imitate it by invading Virginia. Greene wisely left Virginia 
to be cared for by others, and continued his march. 

11. In the course of the spring and summer fort after fort 
fell into Greene's hands, in most cases after hard fighting. 
At Eutaw Springs, September 8, 1781, Greene fought the 
British main body under Colonel Stuart, each side losing 
about six hundred men, and both claiming the victory. The 



The Result of the Southern Campaign. i6i 



practical advantages, however, remained with the Americans, 
and b)' the beginning of the next year the British retained 
only Charleston in South Carolina, and Savannah in Geor- 
gia. Thus in one campaign, fought with a small and disaf- 
fected army in the midst of a Tory population, Greene had 
restored two States to the Union and practically put an end 
to the war in the South. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. What aid was received from Fiance in 17S0? Where did the 
French troops land ? Who was their commander? Through whose in- 
fluence were they obtained? What is said of the intercourse between 
the French and American soldiers? 

2. What complaints were made by Washington's army? What was 
done by the Pennsylvania troops? 

3. How did they treat Sir Henry Clinton's proposal that they should 
desert ? How was the revolt brought to an end ? 

4. What general was assigned to the Southern department after the 
failure of Gates ? Who were the principal officers with him ? 

5. What was the first movement of Cornwallis ? How did Morgan 
counteract it ? Give an account of the battle of the Cowpens. 

6. Describe the march of Morgan and Cornwallis. 

7. Where did Morgan at last unite with Greene? What were 
Greene's tactics ? 

8. Describe the battle of Guilford Court-House. 

9. What were the results of the battle ? 

10. What bold plan did Greene adopt ? What was Cornwallis's 
course? 

11. What did Greene accomplish in South Carolina? What is said 
of the battle of Eutaw Springs? What was the result of Greene's 
campaign ? 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 

Siege of Yorktown — Surrender of Cornvvallis — The End of 

THE War. 

1. Cornwallis in Virginia. — The march of Cornwallis 
into Virginia was the final British mistake which put an end 
to the war. After ravaging the banks of the James River, 
and making some futile demonstrations against Lafayette, 
who commanded in that quarter, Cornwallis transferred his 
army, to the Yorktown peninsula, between the James and 
York rivers, believing that, under the protection of the Bri- 
tish fleet, he would there be favorably situated for further 
operations (August, 178 1). 

2. If the fleet failed him, however, he would be in a trap. 
Washington saw the blunder at once, and lost not a moment 
in taking advantage of it. In concert with the French Ad- 
miral De Grasse, who had been cruising in the West Indies, 
he had planned an attack upon New York ; but the expedi- 
tion was promptly diverted to Virginia Rochambeau with 
the French troops marched out of Newport and joined Wash- 
ington in the Highlands. 

3. The movements of the allies were so adroitly managed 
that Clinton supposed they were still directed against New 
York. He did not discover the truth until Washington had 
reached the Delaware. It was then too late to intercept 
him ; but Sir Henry sent an expedition under Benedict Ar- 
nold to ravage Connecticut, in the hope of thus forcing Wash- 
ington to turn back. 

4. Arnold's Depredations. — It was not the first time Ar- 
nold had been employed on such service. When Greene be- 
gan his Southern campaign, the renegade had been despatch- 
ed to Virginia to make a diversion in aid of Cornwallis, and 
he then devastated the plantations on the James and set fire 

162 



Siege of Yorktown; Surrender of Coj-nwallzs. 163 

to Richmond. He now plundered and burned New London 
(September 6), and a part of his command took Fort Gris- 
wold, at Groton, on the opposite side of the Thames River. 
After the surrender the brave American Colonel Ledyard and 
about sixty of his men were massacred by the victors. The 
officer responsible for this disgraceful crime was Major Brom- 
field, a New Jersey loyalist. 

6. The militia of Connecticut quickly assembled, and Ar- 
nold hastened back to New York. This marauding expedi- 
tion into his native State was his last appearance in American 
history. It did not have the effect which Sir Henry Clinton 
intended, for Washington kept on his march. 

6. The Siege of Yorktown.— In the meantime Lafayette, 
who showed great skill and gallantry, disposed his command 
across the upper end of the peninsula so that Cornwallis 
could not advance ; and De Grasse, reaching the Chesapeake 
in advance of the English fleet which had sailed from New 
York to intercept him, blocked up the James and York 
rivers. In a naval engagement off the capes of the Chesa- 
peake, the British were so badly damaged that they had to 
return to New York. By the end of September the forces of 
Washington, Rochambeau, and Lafayette were united on the 
Yorktown peninsula, and the investment of Cornwallis was 
complete. 

7. The peninsula is about eight miles wide at Yorktown, 
and across this neck of land the British had constructed a 
line of fortifications. The siege was pushed with great ra- 
pidity. On the 14th of October two of the British redoubts 
were taken by assault simultaneously, one by the French, the 
other by the Americans. Cornwallis attempted a sally, but it 
failed. He then tried to escape across the York River, with 
the hope of breaking through the lines on that side and push- 
ing for New York, but a violent storm dispersed his boats and 
the desperate scheme had to be abandoned. 

8. Surrender of Cornwallis.— The result of an assault 
could not be doubtful, and on the 17th of October, 1781, 



164 Abridged H2sto7^y of the United States. 

Cornwallis proposed to Washington a suspension of hostilities 
to arrange terms of surrender. On the 19th the whole British 
army (seven thousand men) marched out and laid down their 
arms. Over one hundred cannon were given up and $11,000 
in money, and at the same time the British vessels of war in 
the rivers, with about eight hundred sailors, surrendered to 
Admiral de Grasse. The allied army at the siege of York- 
town consisted of 5,500 Continentals, 3,500 militia, and 7,000 
French. 

9. This was generally regarded as the end of the war. 
The country gave way to transports of joy. There were 
rejoicings in all the camps and illuminations in the cities, 
and Congress voted honors to Washington, Rochambeau, 
De Grasse, and others, and proclaimed a day of general 
thanksgiving. When the news was told the British minister, 
Lord North, "he took it," said an eye-witness, "as he would 
have taken a ball in the breast, for he opened his arms, ex- 
claiming wildly as he paced up and down the apartment, ' It 
is all over ! ' " 

10. Peace. — The obstinate King George III. was still 
resolved " never to consent to a peace at the expense of a 
separation from America," but the temper of the English 
people was very different. The city of London petitioned 
the king to put a stop to this " unnatural and unfortunate 
war"; a resolution in favor of peace, supported by Fox, the 
younger Pitt, Barre, Burke, and others, passed the House of 
Commons February 27, 1782; the king was compelled to dis- 
miss Lord North and to accept a ministry headed by the 
Marquis of Rockingham,* who was committed to the policy 
of peace ; and commissioners were appointed on both sides 
to negotiate a treaty, hostilities being stopped in the in- 
terval. 

11. The commissioners met in Paris, those of the 

* Rockingham died three months later, and his successor. Lord Shelburne, was 
the minister under whose administration the independence of the United States was 
acknowledged. 



Peace ; Disaffection in the Army. 165 

United States being John Adams, John Jay, Benjamin 
Franklin, and Henry Laurens. A preliminary treaty was 
signed November 30, 1782. Congress ratified the action of 
the commissioners in March, and a proclamation announcing 
the end of the war was published in Washington's camp at 
Newburg on the 19th of April, 1783, just eight years to a day 
after the battle of Lexington. The definitive treaty of peace 
was signed at Paris^ September 3, 1783. 

12. Disaffection in the Army. — During the progress of 
the negotiations the temper of the American army was far 
from satisfactory. Unpaid and often suffering from absolute 
hunger, the soldiers became restless under their wrongs, and 
a portion of them seem to have been anxious to establish a 
military despotism. In May, 1782, a letter was addressed to 
Washington advising him to declare himself king — a proposal 
to which he returned an indignant reply. 

13. In the following March an anonymous appeal was cir- 
culated in the camp at Newburg, advising the soldiers to 
organize for the purpose of enforcing their demands upon 
Congress. To counteract this movement Washington called 
all the officers together, and, making them a sensible and 
patriotic address, succeeded in dispelling the danger. After- 
wards he induced Congress to give every officer on his dis- 
charge a sum equal to five years' pay. 

14. Congress and the States had both treated the army 
badly ; but the country was very poor, and, after spending 
nearly }|ioo,ooo,ooo during the war, the treasury found it- 
self at the end about $40,000,000 in debt. This did not in- 
clude the outlay of the separate States, which amounted to 
f6o,ooo,ooo or $70,000,000 more. 

15. On the 25th of November, 1783, the last of the Bri- 
tish evacuated New York, and Washington's troops marched 
in by way of King's Bridge. On the 2d of November 
Washington issued his farewell address to the army.; on 
December 4 he took leave of his officers at New York ; 
on December 23 he formally resigned his commission to 



1 66 Abridged History of the United States. 

Congress, then in session at Annapolis, and immediately re- 
tired to his home at Mount Vernon, on the Potomac, in 
Virginia. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. What did Cornwallis do in Virginia? 

2. Why was this movement a mistake? What did Washington do 
when he discovered the blunder? 

3. Describe the French and American movements. How did 
Clinton try to thwart them ? 

4. Give an account of Arnold's raids. 

5. Had his expedition the intended effect ? 

6. How did Lafayette dispose his troops before Yorktown ? What 
was done by the French Admiral De Grasse ? How were the armies 
posted on the arrival of Washington ? 

7. Describe the siege of Yorktown. 

8. Give an account of the surrender. What was the date ? 

9. How was the news received in America? In England? 

10. What was the disposition of King George HI. ? How was his 
obstinacy overcome? 

IT. Where did the peace commissioners meet? Who represented 
the United States ? When was the preliminary treat)' signed ? The 
definitive treaty ? How long had the war lasted ? 

12. What is said of the temper of the American army ? What pro- 
posal was made to Washington ? What was his answer ? 

13. What occurred at Newburg? What did Washingion do? 

14. Had the soldiers been well treated ? What could be said in 
excuse for Congress and the States? 

15. When did the British evacuate New York? When did Wash- 
ington resign his commission ? 



PART FOURTH. 



THE UNION. 



CHAPTER XXXIV. 

The Constitution — Administration of Washington — Disputes with 

England. 

1. The Confederation.— The States were governed dur- 
ing the latter part of the war by " Articles of Confedera- 
tion," proposed by Congress at the time of the Declaration 
of Independence, but not adopted until 1781. Nearly all 
power was reserved to the separate States ; Congress had 
little authority ; there was no president or other executive 
chief ; and it was soon found that this system produced 
endless confusion. In particular it left the country without 
means of providing for the common defence or regulating 
commerce or the finances. 

2. Shays's Rebellion. — An extensive rebellion in Massa- 
chusetts, led by an ex-captain in the Continental army 
named Daniel Shays (December, 1786), and directed against 
the collection of taxes, etc., was put down by a militia force 
under General Lincoln after a short but very active cam- 
paign. This served to strengthen the popular conviction 
that some change was necessary in the form of govern- 
ment, and a convention to revise the Articles of Con- 
federation met at Philadelphia in May, 1787. Washington 
was unanimously chosen president of this assembly. 

3. The Constitution. — Instead of amending the old Arti- 

167 



1 68 Abridged History of the United States. 



cles, the convention advised a new Constitution. It was to go 
into operation March 4, 1789, if two-thirds of the States gave 
their assent. After much discussion it was ratified by all the 
States — by Delaware first in December, 1787, and by Rhode 
Island last in May, 1790. On the 4th of March, 1789, eleven 
of the thirteen States had approved it, and on that day ac- 
cordingly the old Confederation came to an end and the 
Union began, 

4. New York was selected as a temporary seat of govern- 
ment, and the old City Hall 
in Wall Street was given up 
to the use of Congress. 
Electors were chosen in 
January to cast the votes 
of their respective States for 
President and Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

6. Washington Presi- 
dent. — When the votes were 
counted it appeared that 
George Washington was 
unanimously chosen Presi- 
dent, and John Adams 
was chosen Vice-President. 
Washington's journey from 
Mount Vernon to New York was like a triumphal procession. 
The people turned out everywhere to show their gratitude 
and respect towards him. At Elizabethtown he went aboard 
a splendid barge constructed for the occasion and magni- 
ficently decorated. It was rowed by thirteen masters of 
vessels, dressed in white, and commanded by Commodore 
Nicholson. Other barges followed. As they proceeded 
through New York Bay a multitude of vessels decked with 
flags surrounded them, thousands of boats appeared upon the 
waters, and the ships of war of different nations manned 
their yards, spread their colors, and fired salutes. The in- 




George Washington. 



First and Second Adnimistrations, 169 



auguration took place on the 30th of April in the midst of 
universal rejoicings. 

6. Thomas Jefferson was appointed Secretary of State, 
Alexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury, and General 
Henry Knox Secretary of War. With the aid of these able 
men Washington administered the government wisely, proving 
himself hardly less valuable to his country in peace than he 
had been in war. The skill of Hamilton in reducing the 
finances to order and restoring the ruined credit of the nation 
deserves to be especially re- 
membered. The seat of 
government was transferred 
to Philadelphia in 1790, with 
the understanding that in 
1800 it should be perma- 
nently established in a new 
city on the banks of the 
Potomac. 

7. Indian War in the 
Northwest. — As white set- 
tlers began to pour into the 
West, the Indians in the 
valley of the Ohio became 
hostile. They murdered 
many of the immigrants 

and defeated General Harmer in 1790 and General St. 
Clair in 1791. ''Mad Anthony Wayne" was then sent 
against them. He devastated their villages, and at last in- 
flicted upon them a signal defeat near the present site of 
Maumee City, Ohio (August 20, 1794), which obliged them 
to sue for peace. 

8. Washington's Second Term. — The second election for 
President occurred in 1792, Washington's term ending on the 
4th of March, 1793. Washington was again the unanimous 
choice of the electors, and Adams was re-elected Vice-Presi- 
dent. Political parties, however, had become sharply divided. 




Alexander Hamilton. 



I 70 Abridged History of the United States, 

The Federalists, among whom were Washington, Adams, and 
Hamilton, believed in a strong central government. The 
Anti-Federalists, known also as Democrats or Republicans 
(those two names being used at that time indifferently to de- 
signate the same party), wished to limit the power of the fed- 
eral government and give more independent authority to the 
States. Their ablest leader was Jefferson. 

9. Relations with France. — The dissensions of parties 
at home were intensified by the course of affairs in France. 
The most terrible scenes of the French Revolution were 
enacted during the first years of the American republic. 
King Louis XVI. was beheaded a few weeks before the end 
of Washington's first term, and Queen Marie Antoinette, 
who had so warmly befriended America during the struggle 
for independence, was executed a few months afterward. 
Jefferson and the Anti-Federalists sympathized strongly 
with the French revolutionists, and wished to aid them 
in their struggle against the European powers. Washington 
and the Federalists insisted upon preserving a strict neu- 
trality. 

10. Genest (zhen-dy\ or " Citizen Genest," as he called 
himself after the affected manner of the revolutionists, arrived 
as minister from the French republic in 1793. The Jefferso- 
nian party treated him with exaggerated favor, of which he 
took great advantage. He boldly commissioned privateers in 
American ports, tried to embroil the country in war with Eng- 
land and Spain, stirred up popular faction against this govern- 
ment, insulted President Washington, and behaved with so 
much insolence that the President demanded his recall. Party 
feeling over the affair ran high, but Washington's dignified 
conduct was finally approved. 

11. Relations with England. — Our relations with Eng- 
land at the same time were becoming more and more un- 
friendly. Great Britain kept possession of the forts in the 
Northwest which should have been surrendered under the 
treaty of 1783, and a still more serious cause of offence was 



Washington s Farewell Address. 171 

her claim of the right to search American ships at sea and 
carry off sailors supposed to be British subjects, even those 
naturalized in America. England, being at war with 
France, also seized American ships found carrying grain to 
France, and confiscated all French property on American 
vessels. 

12. John Jay was sent to London, and succeeded in ne- 
gotiating a treaty (1794) which settled some of the causes 
of complaint, but left the question of the impressment of 
seamen to be a cause of future trouble. The treaty was 
ratified after much opposition. It greatly incensed the 
French, and they in their turn began to plunder American 
commerce. 

13. The Whiskey Insurrection. — In 1794 a violent dis- 
turbance was created in Western Pennsylvania by the refusal 
of the people to pay a tax on whiskey. Secret societies were 
organized to resist the collection of the duty, the officers of 
the law were attacked, and the outrages soon amounted to 
an insurrection. The President called out fifteen thousand 
militia from Pennsylvania and other States, and this display 
of force quelled the revolt without a battle. 

14. During the political quarrels of his administration 
Washington had not escaped abuse and misrepresentation. 
He was even accused of wishing to establish a monarchy ; 
but his just and noble character at last conquered even his 
enemies. He would probably have been unanimously re- 
elected for a third term had he not refused to let his name 
be used. 

15. In September, 1796, he published his famous Fare- 
well Address, in which he announced his fixed resolve to re- 
tire to private life, and left to his countrymen a precious 
political legacy. He warned them especially against the 
dangers of disunion, and besought them to frown indignantly 
" upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any por- 
tion of our country from the rest," 



172 Abridged History of the United States, 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How were the States governed at this time? What were the 
principal defects of the Articles of Confederation ? 

2. What was Shays's Rebellion? What effect had it on the public 
mind ? Where did the convention to revise the Articles of Confed- 
eration meet ? 

3. What was done ? When did the Constitution take efTect? 

4. Where was the first seat of government? 

5. Who were chosen President and Vice-President? When was 
Washington inaugurated? 

6. Who were his principal secretaries? What is said of Hamilton? 
To what cit}'^ was the government removed in 1790? 

7. How were the Indian hostilities in the Ohio valley repressed? 

8. When did the second presidential election take place? Who 
were chosen? What were the two political parties called ? What were 
their principles? Who were their leaders? 

9. How were American politics affected by affairs in France ? 

10. How did the Jeffersonian party treat the French minister, 
Genest? How did Genest conduct himself? What did Washington 
do? 

11. What causes of disagreement were there with Great Britain? 
What was the most serious of these controversies ? 

12. What treaty was negotiated in 1794? How was it received ? 

13. What was the Whiskey Insurrection? How did Washington 
act? 

14. What is said of the popular treatment of Washington? Of a 
third term? 

15. When did he publish his Farewell Address? What advice did 
he give? 



CHAPTER XXXV. 

Settlement of the West. 

1. Organization and Settlement of the West. — By the 

treaty of 1783 the Mississippi River was recognized as the 
western boundary of the United States, but nearly half of the 
territory included within the national limits was unoccupied 
and unorganized. Several of the older States — Massachusetts, 
Connecticut, New York, Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia — 
claimed, under their colonial charters or other titles, the pro- 
prietorship of an undefined tract of western lands. They 
were induced to cede to the general government the juris- 
diction over all this country, Virginia and Connecticut, how- 
ever, reserving the title to 7,000,000 acres in the present 
State of Ohio. 

2. One of the important acts of Congress under the Con- 
federation was the adoption of an ordinance for the govern- 
ment of this ceded district (1787). It erected the whole 
region north of the Ohio into the Northwest Territory, and 
on the proposal of Jefferson it was enacted that slavery should 
never be tolerated in the territory or any of the States to be 
formed out of it. In this region are now included Ohio, 
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and a part of Min- 
nesota. 

3. In Illinois there were already several small towns, 
Cahokia, Kaskaskia, and some other settlements having been 
founded by the French under La Salle nearly a hundred 
years before. Vincennes, in Indiana, had been settled by 
the French about 1702. There were also French settlements 
in Michigan at the outlets of Lakes Michigan, Superior, and 
Huron, Ohio, which did not receive a separate organization 
until 1800, was at this time a wilderness ; the first permanent 
?ettle}i:)ent within its boundaries was made at Marietta m 

173 



174 Abridged History of the United States. 

1788, and named in honor of Queen Marie Antoinette. After 
the separation of Ohio the name of Indiana was given to all 
the rest of the Northwest Territory. 

4. The settlement of Kentucky was begun before the 
Revolution by the daring hunter, explorer, and Indian fighter, 
Daniel Boone, who crossed the mountains from North Caro- 
lina in 1769, spent two years in the unbroken wilderness, 
much of the time entirely alone, and later removed to that 
region with his family, founding Boonesborough in 1775. 
Kentucky was made a county of Virginia ; but it was so re- 
mote that the people depended chiefly upon themselvoe for 
government as well as for defence against the Indians. At 
one time a party among them wished to form an independent 
sovereignty — a scheme which was secretly promoted by the 
Spaniards. In 1790 the territory was separated from Virginia, 
and the next year it was admitted to the Union as a State. 
In 1785 a colony of Catholics from Maryland emigrated to 
Kentucky, and this was followed by other colonies from the 
same State in 1786, 1787, and 1788. The Catholic settle- 
ments were principally in and near Bardstown. 

6. Tennessee was settled from North Carolina and formed 
a part of that State. In 1785 the inhabitants organized them- 
selves as the State of Frankland ; but North Carolina never 
acquiesced in the secession, and the new State fell to pieces 
about 1788. Having been ceded to the general government, 
the district was organized with Kentucky as the Territory 
South of the Ohio. It became a State of the Union in 1796. 

6. Other States. — Alabama and Mississippi were divided 
from Georgia in 1 798 and erected into the Territory of Mis- 
sissippi. Their southern boundaries were undetermined, 
those portions which now touch the Gulf of Mexico being 
at that time a part of Florida, which belonged to Spain. 
Vermont had long been in dispute between New York and 
New Hampshire. The British government, before the Revo- 
lution, decided in favor of the claim of New York ; but the 
Green Mountain Boys, under Ethan Allen and Seth Warner, 



Groivth of the Union. 175 

violently resisted the New York authorities. In 1777 the 
people declared themselves independent. New York finally- 
sold her claims for $30,000 (1791), and Vermont was ad- 
mitted to the Union as a State. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. What was the western boundary of the United States under 
the treaty of 1783? What did the older States do with their western 
lands .'' 

2. What did Congress do with these lands? 

3. What French settlements were there in the West ? What was the 
first settlement in Ohio ? 

4. Who was the pioneer of Kentucky? Give some account of his 
adventures. What Catholic immigration did Kentucky receive ? 

5. From what State was Tennessee settled ? Give an account of 
the State of Frankland. 

6. How were Alabama and Mississippi formed ? What States 
claimed the Territory of Vermont ? What was the action of the Ver- 
mont people in this matter ? How was the dispute settled ? 



CHAPTER XXXVI. 

The Catholic Church in the United States at the end of 

THE Revolution. 

1. The Church in the United States. — At the time of 
the Revolution there were very few Catholic churches 
in the United States. We have already seen how the Ca- 
tholic religion was planted in Maryland, but even there 
the members of the faith formed but a small minority of 
the population. Maryland, however, became the cradle 
of the American clergy, being the seat of the first bish- 
opric, and the asylum of a number of zealous Jesuits 
and other priests, who went thence to various parts of the 
Union. 

2. In Pennsylvania, at the close of the war of indepen- 
dence, there had been churches or mission stations for many 
years at Philadelphia, Lancaster, Conewago, and other places. 
The venerable Father Farmer, who died at Philadelphia in 
1786, labored in Pennsylvania for more than forty years, A 
great many Irish had emigrated to Pennsylvania, and in 1790 
the Catholics were so numerous that Matthew Carey ventured 
to publish in Philadelphia the first edition of the Douay Bible 
printed in America. 

3. There were Jesuit missionaries among the Indians of 
the northern and interior parts of the State of New York 
from an early period (see pp. ^^, 6;^), and three fathers of the 
same society were settled in New York City between 1683 
and 1690 (see p. 80) ; but at the time of the Revolution 
the number of Catholics in the town was insignificant. The 
spirit of the colony was bitterly intolerant, and in the first 
constitution of the State, adopted in 1777, Catholics were 
excliided from the privilege of naturalization. This clause 

176 



Early History of the Catholic Church. 177 



was inserted at the instance of John Jay, afterwards chief- 
justice of the United States. 

4. The French posts in the Mississippi valley were 
regularly attended by chaplains, so that when the western 
settlements came into the possession of the United States 
the Catholic religion had already a foothold among 
them. About the middle of the last century there were 
several Jesuit stations in Indiana, with a church at Vin- 
cennes. The Jesuits, however, were afterwards withdrawn, 
and for many years the only priest in the territory now 
constituting Indiana and Illinois was the Rev. Mr. Gibault 
who was vicar-general for that region under the Bishop of 
Quebec. He lived at Kaskaskia, in the southwestern part 
of Illinois. 

5. In 1778 Father Gibault induced the French inhabi- 
tants of Vincennes to declare in favor of the United States 
against Great Britain, and he administered the oath of 
allegiance to them in the church. He also had great in- 
fluence in keeping the Indians friendly to the American 
cause. 

6. The Catholics during the war of independence were 
practically unanimous in supporting the patriot side. They 
contributed many eminent men to the service of the country, 
including General Moylan in the army. Commodore Barry in 
the navy, and Charles Carroll, Daniel Carroll, and Thomas 
Fitzsimmons in Congress ; they raised an Irish regiment in 
the Pennsylvania line ; and on Washington's election to the 
Presidency they presented an address of congratulation, to 
which the general replied : '' I presume that your fellow-citi- 
zens will not forget the patriotic part which you took in the 
accomplishment of their revolution and the establishment of 
their government, or the important assistance which they 
received from a nation in which the Roman Catholic faith 
is professed." 

7. The tyranny of Puritanism in New England had 
broken down under its own excesses; and although bigotry 



178 Abridged Hi'stojy of the Untied Stales. 

was by no means extinct, yet the conspicuous patriotism of 
the Catholics in America, and the aid given to the American 
cause by Catholic France, produced a powerful effect. At 
the close of the war a solemn Te Deiim was chanted in St. 
Joseph's Church, Philadelphia, by request of the French am- 
bassador, and Washington, Lafayette, and many distinguished 
official persons were present. 

8. Immediately after the peace Mass was celebrated at 
stated intervals in New York City by Father Farmer, who 
used to come from Philadelphia for the purpose, and hold 
service in a loft over a carpenter's shop. The first church, 
St. Peter's, in Barclay Street, was begun in 1786. The first 
priest settled in the city after the war was Father Charles 
Whelan, an Irish Franciscan, who had been a chaplain in 
the French fleet. 

9. At the date of the first national census (1790) it 
was estimated by Bishop Carroll that the Catholics of the 
United States numbered 30,000, or one in every hundred 
of the total population. There were about 16,000 in Mary- 
land, 7,000 in Pennsylvania, 5,500 among the French set- 
tlements of the West, and only 1,500 in all the rest of the 
country. 

10. Increase of the Clergy. — In 1789 Father John Car- 
roll, who had for some years administered the affairs of the 
American Church with the rank of prefect-apostolic, was ap- 
pointed bishop, and Baltimore was created the first see in 
the United States. The diocese embraced the whole Union, 
and contained thirty or forty priests. 

11. The first care of the new bishop was to provide 
for Catholic education. He had already begun the erec- 
tion of Georgetown College (1788), and it was opened by 
the Jesuits in 1791. He induced the Sulpitians in Paris 
to send over Father Nagot with several assistants to open 
a theological seminary in Baltimore (1791). The first 
community oi nuns in the United States was established by 
Carmelites in 1790 at Port Tobacco, Maryland, whence 



Stephen Badin and Prince Gallitzin, i 79 



they removed to Baltimore after a few years and opened a 
school.* 

12. The Reign of Terror in France drove a great many 
estimable French priests to the United States, where Bishop 
Carroll gave them welcome and employment. Among the 
most distinguished of these exiles who arrived between 1791 
and 1796 were Messrs. Dubois (afterwards Bishop of New 
York), Flaget (first Bishop of Bardstown and Louisville), 
David (coadjutor to Bishop Flaget), Dubourg (afterwards 
Bishop of New Orleans), Marechal (who became Archbishop 
of Baltimore), Richard (a missionary in Michigan and dele- 
gate in Congress from that territory), Ciquard (who devoted 
himself to the Indians in Maine), Gamier, Tessier, Barriere, 
Matignon (settled for many years in Boston), and Cheverus 
(first Bishop of Boston and afterwards Cardinal Archbishop 
of Bordeaux). 

13. Mr. Stephen Badin, another of the French exiles, 
received orders in Baltimore in 1793, being the first priest 
ordained in the United States. He became a missionary in 
the West. The second priest ordained in the United States 
(1795) was the celebrated Russian Prince Demetrius Augus- 
tine Gallitzin, who gave up an illustrious position and a vast 
fortune to become a missionary, under the name of " Father 
Smith," in Western Pennsylvania. He founded a Catholic 
colony at Loretto, in Cambria County, giving away lands to 
the settlers and spending about $150,000 in the charitable 
enterprise. He is called the " Apostle of the Alleghanies." 

14. Father Leonard Neale, a native of Maryland, was 
consecrated coadjutor to Bishop Carroll (1800), and succeeded 
him in the archbishopric of Baltimore. Neale and Carroll 
were both Jesuits. The Rev. John Thayer, a Congregation- 
alist minister of Boston, became a Catholic in 1783, and, being 
ordained priest in France, was appointed pastor in Boston, 
where he labored with great success. 

* There were Ursulines much earlier in New Orleans, but that place did not then 
belong to the United States. 



i8o Abridged History of the United States. 

QUESTIONS. 

I. What is said of Catholics in the United States at the time of the 
Revolution? Of the Church in Maryland? 2. In Pennsylvania? 
3, Among the Indians of New York ? In New York City? What 
was done to Catholics in the first Constitution of the State ? 4. What 
is said of the Catholic Church in the West? 5. What service was 
rendered to the patriots by Father Gibault? 6. What was the attitude 
of the Catholics during the Revolution ? Name some of their principal 
laymen 7. What lessened the bigotry of Protestants ? 8. What was 
the first church in New York City? 9. How many Catholics were 
therein 1790? In what States were most of them found? 10. Who 
was the first American bishop? ii. What did he do for education? 
12. What event sent a number of priests to America? Name some of 
them. 13. Who was the first priest ordained in this country? The 
second? Give an account of him. 14. Who was Father Neale? 
What is said of Mr. Thayer ? 



CHAPTER XXXVII. 

John Adams President, 1797-1801— Hostilities with France- 
Death OF Washington. 

1. Election of President Adams — The third election for 
the Presidency took place in 1796. Tlie Federalists put for- 
ward John Adams, of Massachusetts, and the Republicans 
Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, and after an angry contest 
the choice fell upon Adams. Under the Constitution as it 
then stood, Jefferson, having received the next highest num^ 
ber of electoral votes, became Vice-President. The term of 
President Adams began March 4, 1797. 

2. duarrel with France. — The principal event of Adams's 
administration was the quarrel with France. The council, 
styled the Directory, which then ruled the affairs of the revo- 
lutionary republic, violently resented the refusal of the United 
States to support France in her war with England, seized 
American ships, insulted and repelled the American ambas- 
sadors, and threatened to treat as pirates the unfortunate 



Hostilities with France, 



i8i 



American sailors who had been impressed into the British 
service. 

3. President Adams sent Pinckney, Marshall, and Gerry 
to France to negotiate for a better understanding. Talleyrand, 
the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, refused to receive 
them unless they would first 

pledge a large loan to the 
government, and pay a 
secret bribe of $240,000 to 
the members of the Direc- 
tory for their private pock- 
ets. He threatened war if 
they did not comply with 
these terms. Pinckney re- 
plied : " War be it, then ! 
Millions for defence, not 
one cent for tribute." 

4. The infamous con- 
duct of the French revolu- 
tionists aroused the whole 
American people.* Wash- 
ington was recalled from 
Mount Vernon and made commander-in-chief ; troops were 
raised ; the navy was strengthened, and more than three hun- 
dred and fifty vessels were armed as privateers. Hostilities 
at sea began promptly. A squadron under Commodore 
Barry, then head of the navy, had the frigate United States 
for flag-ship, and included also the celebrated frigate Con- 
stitution (known as " Old Ironsides " ), Captain Samuel 
Nicholson. Commodore Truxton in the Constellation com- 
manded a second squadron ; and there were others under 
Captain Tingey and Captain Decatur. 

5. All the squadrons made numerous prizes, and in various 
engagements with French men-of-war the American navy 

* It was during the excitement of this crisis that Joseph Hopkinson wrote the words 
of " Hail Columbia," ever since regarded as one of the national songs. The tune was 
already popular under the name of '"The President's March," 




John Adams. 



1 82 Abridged History of the United States. 



won the highest reputation.* The Directory offered terms, 
but it was overthrown before negotiations could be opened, 
and the treaty of peace was made with Napoleon as First 
Consul, September 30, 1800. 

6. Death of Washington. — Washington died at Mount 
Vernon, December 14, 1799, after only one day's illness. 
His disease was an affection of the throat. The event 
was mourned all over the United States with sincere feel- 
ing, and was appropriately observed by Congress and 
other public bodies. Bonaparte ordered the standards of 

the French army to be 
shrouded in crape for ten 
days, and in England a fleet 
of sixty British men-of-war 
lowered their flags to half- 
mast. 

7. Alien and Sedition 
Laws. — During the difficul- 
ties wuth France two acts 
were passed by Congress 
known as the alien and sedi- 
tion laws. The first empow- 
ered the President to order 
aliens who were conspiring 
against the peace of the 
United States to quit the 
country, and the second re- 
stricted liberty of the press. These laws proved highly un- 
popular and caused the defeat of Adams in the next elec- 
tion for the Presidency. 

8. Fourth. Presidential Election. — At the election in 1800 

* The first " commander-in-chief " of the navy of the Revolution was Esek or 
Ezekiel, sometimes called " Admiral," Hopkins. He was dismissed in 1777. and the 
senior officer during the rest of the war was Commodore James Nicholson, of Mary- 
land, a gallant sailor belonging to a family which has been distinguished in the service 
to this day. The navy was disbanded after the peace, and a new establishment was 
organized in 1704. Commodore Barry was at the head of it till his death in 1803, and 
be was succeeded by Commodore Samuel Nicholson, a brother of Commodore James. 




Thomas Jefferson. 



Thomas yeffersoii Elected President, 183 

the Republican party triumphed. Of the electoral votes for 
President, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, and Aaron Burr of 
New York, received seventy-three each, and Adams sixty- 
five. This threw the choice into the House of Representa- 
tives, by whom Jefferson was elected President and Burr 
Vice-President.* In 1800 the national capital was removed 
from Philadelphia to the new city of Washington on the 
Potomac. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. Who were candidates at the third presidential election ? Who 
were chosen ? 

2. What was the principal event of John Adams's administration ? 
How did the French Directory treat the United States? 

3. How were the American commissioners leceived in Paris? 

4. What was the effect of this treatment in the United States ? 
What preparations were made for war? 

5. What is said of the naval operations? What was the Directory 
compelled to do? With whom was the treaty of peace concluded? 
When? 

6. When did Washington die? What marks of respect were paid 
to his memory? 

7. What were the alien and sedition laws? How were they re- 
ceived ? 

8. What was the result of the elections of 1800? To what place 
was the national capital removed in 1800? 

. , . _i 

* The contest betweeen Jefferson and Burr led to the Twelfth Amendment of the 
Constitution respecting the manner of choosing the President and Vice-President. 



CHAPTER XXXVIII. 

Thomas Jefferson President, 1801-1809 — Purchase of Louisiana — 
War with the Barbary States — Aaron Burr — Trouble with 
England and France. 

1. Acquisition of Louisiana. — By a secret treaty with 
Spain in 1800 France had recovered the Territory of Lou- 
isiana. The free navigation of the Mississippi had always 
been rightly regarded as essential to the interests of the 
United States, and, to settle for ever the disputes over this 
matter, Jefferson privately proposed to Napoleon that France 
should sell to this country the city of New Orleans. Bona- 
parte refused, but he offered to sell the whole of Louisiana. 
The American commissioners took the responsibility of ac- 
cepting the offer without waiting for instructions, and the 
price agreed upon was $15,000,000 (1803). 

2. The importance of this transaction was not fully ap- 
preciated by the people, and Jefferson was much censured by 
his political opponents, but it was in fact one of his most bril- 
liant services to the country. The territory acquired was not 
merely the present State of Louisiana, but a vast region ex- 
tending from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains and 
from the Gulf of Mexico to British America, and including 
about a quarter of the present area of the Union. Its pos- 
session assured the future of the United States as the great 
American power. 

3. War with the Barbary States. — The Barbary States, 
Tunis, Tripoli, Algiers, and Morocco, on the southern shore 
of the Mediterranean, were in the habit of sending out pirati- 
cal vessels to prey upon the commerce of other nations. 
Their outrages having become unbearable, an American 
squadron was sent to give them a lesson. Commodore Pre- 
ble, Captain Bainbridge, Lieutenant Stephen Decatur (a son 

184 



Burrs Conspiracy ; Other Events. 185 

of the Captain Decatur mentioned in the last chapter), and 
other gallant officers distinguished themselves in several en- 
gagements ( 1 801-1805). The Barbary rulers sued for peace, 
and the depredations of their corsairs ceased for several 
years. 

4. Jefferson was re-elected President in 1804, with George 
Clinton for Vice-President. Burr had quarrelled with his 
party. Resenting especially the opposition of Alexander 
Hamilton, he challenged that distinguished man to a duel. 
They fought at Weehawken on the Hudson, opposite New 
York, July 11, 1804, and Hamilton was killed. 

5. Burr's Conspiracy. — Burr, who was a man of very bad 
private character, afterwards went to the South and West to 
organize an enterprise whose exact purpose has never been 
discovered. He persuaded a number of military and naval 
officers to join him, and it is thought that he intended 
either to invade Mexico or to establish a monarchy west 
of the Alleghanies. He was arrested and tried for high trea- 
son, but acquitted on account of a defect in the evidence 
{1807). After many misfortunes he died in obscurity. 

6. Trouble with France and England.— France and Eng- 
land being now at war, the merchant- vessels of the United 
States and other neutral powers were subjected to the most 
unjust treatment by both belligerents. A British '' Order in 
Council " forbade neutral vessels to enter a French port with- 
out first stopping at a British port and paying a tax ; while 
Napoleon, by his " Milan decree," confiscated every vessel 
which complied with the British exactions (1806-7). Con- 
gress met these high-handed proceedings by declaring an 
embargo, forbidding any vessels whatever to leave the ports 
of the United States. This measure proved so unpopular 
that it was repealed (1809), and in its stead a non-intercourse 
act was passed prohibiting trade with France and England. 

7. Other Events. — Among other important acts of Mr. ' 
Jefferson's administration were the passing of an act of Con- 
gress forbidding the slave-trade after January i, 1808, and 



1 86 Abridged History of the United States. 

the practical application of steam to navigation by Robert 
Fulton. The first steamboat on the Hudson was built by 
Fulton in 1807. 

8. Jefferson refused a third term, and at the election of 
1808 James Madison, of Virginia, the Secretary of State, was 
chosen President by the Republican, or, as it now began to 
be called, the Democratic, party. Clinton was re-elected 
Vice-President. The candidates of the Federalists were 
C. C. Pinckney and Rufus King. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. What proposal did Mr. Jefferson make to Napoleon? What was 
the repl)^? The result? What was the date of this purchase? 

2. What did the United States secure by it? 

3. What outrages were committed b}^ the Barbary States? Name 
some of the American naval officers engaged in chastising them. 
What was the result of their operations ? 

4. Who was chosen President in 1804? What is said of Burr and 
Hamilton? 

5. Give an account of Burr's conspirac3^ Of his fate. 

6. What troubles occurred with England? With France? How 
did Congress meet these exactions? What was substituted for the un- 
popular embargo ? 

7. What action was taken by Congress respecting the slave-trade? 
What was accomplished by Robert Fulton during this administration ? 

8. What was the result of the elections of 1808? 



CHAPTER XXXIX. 

James Madison, President, 1809-1S17 — Second War with England. 

1. The English duarrel. — President Madison entered 
office March 4, 1809, in the midst of grave difficulties. 
The exactions of the French and EngUsh continued ; the 
old dispute with England about the right of search (see 
p. 171) had almost reached open war; and it was believed 
that British agents were stirring up trouble in the Northwest, 
where a hostile confederacy of Indian tribes was forming un- 
der the Shawnee chief, Tecumseh. 

2. Indian War.— General William Henry Harrison, Gov- 
ernor of the Territory of Indiana and Superintendent of In- 
dian Affairs, was sent against the savages before they could 
take the field, and in the battle of Tippecanoe, Indiana, No- 
vember II, iSii, he completely defeated them and broke up 
their plans. They were soon in arms again, however, as al- 
lies of the English. 

3. War with England. — The British claim of the right to 
search American vessels and take off seamen was asserted 
with so much insolence and violence that on the 19th of 
June, 1 81 2, the President formally declared war, and prepa- 
rations were made for the invasion of Canada. 

4. The first operations were disastrous. General William 
Hull, who had been ordered to enter Canada from Detroit, 
was defeated by a combined British and Indian force under 
General Brock and Tecumseh, and surrendered not • only 
Detroit but the whole Territory of Michigan (August, 181 2). 
A c£)urt-martial sentenced him to be shot for cowardice, but 
the President pardoned him. 

5. At Queenstown Heights, near Niagara, a small Ameri- 
can force under Colonel Van Rensselaer stormed the British 

batteries (October 13), but were afterwards overpowered 

187 



1 88 Abridged History of the United States. 

because the militia on the American side refused to support 
them. The British General Brock was killed in this affair. 

6. The Navy.— To compensate for these misfortunes on 
land, the little American navy won imperishable glory on the 
ocean and became the admiration of the world The Con- 
stitution^ Captain Hull, captured the British frigate Guerriere 
{gher-e-are') near the Gulf of St. Lawrence, cutting her to 
pieces in about an hour. Later, under Commodore Bain- 
bridge, the same ship destroyed the British frigate Java off 
the coast of Brazil. Commodore Decatur, with the United 
States, captured the Macedonian near the Azores. Captain 
Porter in the Essex took the sloop-of-war Alert. 

7. Before the end of the year the Americans had taken 
from the enemy about fifty men-of-war, two hundred and 
fifty merchant-vessels, and three thousand prisoners. Under 
the impulse of these victories the Federalists, who had op- 
posed the war, were beaten in the presidential elections, and 
Madison was chosen for a second term, with Elbridge Gerry 
for Vice-President. 

8. The war on the sea was continued the next year with 
as much credit as ever to the Americans, although not with- 
out some defeats. Captain James Lawrence in the Chesapeake 
had a severe fight with the British frigate Shannon near 
Boston (June i, 1813). He was mortally wounded in the 
action, and as he was carried below he exclaimed, " Don't 
give up the ship ! " The Chesapeake was captured by board- 
ing, after she had lost a large proportion of her officers and 
crew. 

9. Captain Porter cruised with the frigate Essex in the 
Pacific, where he was the first to show the flag of an Ameri- 
can man-of-war. After making many captures and breaking 
up the British whaling business in those seas, the Essex^\N2,'&. 
destroyed by two British ships in the neutral port of Val-.. 
paraiso (March, 1814). 

10. Operations against Canada. — The military operations 
in the- North and West during 1813 were not brilliant. 



The Battle of Lake Erie. 189 



Proctor and Tecumseh, however, were repulsed at Fort 
Meigs, in Ohio, and were defeated again at Fort Stevenson 
Lower Sandusky, where Lieutenant Croghan, a lad of twenty- 
one, beat them off with a garrison of one hundred and sixty 
men and one gun. An attempt by Sir George Prevost upon 
Sackett s Harbor, New York, was gallantly repulsed by mil- 
itia under General Brown. 

11. Battle of Lake Erie.-It was the navy which won the 
principal glory of the war on the frontier as well as on the 
sea. Oliver Hazard Perry, a young master-commandant by 
severe exertions had collected ten small vessels on Lake Erie 
some of them built for the occasion, others captured in the 
Niagara River. With this flotilla, ill-equipped and short of 
men and officers, he met an English squadron under Com- 
modore Barclay near the western end of the lake, September 
10, 18 13. Barclay had only six vessels, but they were 
superior to the American. 

12. Perry's flag-ship was named the Lawrence, and his 
flag displayed the dying words of the gallant captain of the 
Chesapeake, ''Don't give up the ship." Becoming the target 
of the heaviest fire of the enemy, the Lawrence was entirely 
disabled, whereupon Perry took an open boat and pulled 
through the thick of the battle to the Magara. With this 
brig he sailed into the British line at a critical moment, pour- 
mg in his broadsides right and left, then turning and con- 
tinuing a deadly discharge at short range. In fifteen 
minutes the British surrendered, and Perry sent a messenger 
to General Harrison with the despatch : " We have met the 
enemy, and they are ours." 

13. This victory, giving the Americans command of the 
lake, forced the British to evacuate Detroit, and enabled 
General Harrison to follow them into Canada, where at the 
battle of Moravian Town, October 5, Proctor's comma^id sur- 
rendered, Tecumseh was killed, and the Indians fled. Michi- 
gan was then recovered by the United States, and the war in 
the Northwest came to an end. 



igo Abridged History of the United States. 

14. War with the Creeks. — The Creek Indians of the 
Southwest, roused by Tecumseh, massacred nearly four hun- 
dred settlers on the Alabama River (August, 1813). General 
Andrew Jackson led a force of volunteers into their country, 
and inflicted upon them a series of crushing defeats, ending 
with the battle of March 27, 1814, at the Horseshoe Bend of 
the Tallapoosa, where six hundred warriors were slain. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. Under what difficulties did President Madison enter office ? 
What Indian enemies were giving trouble in the West ? 

2. Who was charged with the campaign against the Indians ? Give 
an account of the battle of Tippecanoe. 

3. What was the principal cause of the declaration of war against 
England in 1812 ? 

4. Wliat is said of the first military operations? Give an account 
of General Hull's defeat. 

5. What occurred at Queenstown Heights? 

6. Where did the Americans find compensation for their failures on 
land ? Give an account of some of the naval exploits. 

7. What was the effect of the naval victories in the presidential 
elections ? 

8. Describe the fight of the Chesapeake and Shannon. 

9. Give an account of the cruise of the Essex. 

10. What occurred at Fort Meigs? At Sackett's Harbor? 

11. What armament was fitted out by Perry on Lake Erie? What 
British force did he encounter? The date ? 

12. Describe the battle of Lake Erie. 

13. What were the consequences of Perry's victory? 

14. What happened among the Creek Indians? Who commanded 
the forces sent against them ? What did he accomplish ? 



CHAPTER XL. 

War on the Niagara Frontier — Lundy's Lane — Battle of Platts- 
BURG — Capture of Washington — Battle of New Orleans — End 
OF THE War. 

1. On the Niagara Frontier. — An expedition against 
Montreal, under command of General Wilkinson, having 
come to nothing. General Brown, the militia officer who 
had distinguished himself at Sackett's Harbor, and had been 
rewarded by a commission in the regular army, obtained 
leave to attempt a new invasion of Canada. He captured 
Fort Erie, opposite Buffalo, July 3, 18 14, and two days la- 
ter defeated the British in a severe battle at Chippewa, near 
Niagara Falls. 

2. Battle of Lundy's Lane.— On the 25th the British, 
under General Drummond, with a greatly superior force, 
came upon Brown at Lundy's Lane, near the falls. The 
battle began at sunset, with a gallant attack by the Ameri- 
cans under Brigadier-General Winfield Scott, and it lasted 
until midnight, without important advantage to either side, 
though the Americans were left in possession of the field. 
Brown and Scott were both wounded. 

3. The Americans having retired to Fort Erie, Drum- 
mond unsuccessfully besieged them there during more than a 
month, losing a thousand men in a night assault in August, 
and having his works destroyed and four hundred prisoners 
captured by a sortie of Brown's in September. The Ameri- 
cans finally blew up the fort and recrossed to the New York 
side. 

4. Invasion of New York.— The war between France and 

England being now over, a large number of veteran British 

troops were sent to America, and General Prevost organized 

an invasion by way of Lake Champlain. He had an army 

191 



192 Abiadged History of the United States. 

of fourteen thousand men, aided by a fleet under Captain 
Downie. To meet him the Americans could muster only 
fifteen hundred troops, and a squadron of small vessels de- 
cidedly inferior to the British, 

5. Battle of Plattsburg. — General Macomb, with the Ame- 
rican troops, formed his line of defence behind the Saranac 
River, which enters Lake Champlain at Plattsburg, and Com- 
modore Macdonough ranged his squadron at the entrance to 
Plattsburg Bay. The British attacked by land and water at 
the same time, September 11, 1814, and a severe engagement 
followed, at the end of which Macdonough had taken all the 
enemy's vessels except a few small galleys; and Prevost, beaten 
at every point by Macomb, retreated in disorder to Canada. 

6. Capture of Washington. — But while affairs were thus 
prosperous at the North, a great disaster had taken place at 
the capital. A British fleet under Admiral Cochrane landed 
five thousand troops under General Ross on the Patuxent 
River, about fifty miles from Washington, and, while the army 
marched thence towards the national capital, a part of the 
fleet ascended the Potomac. 

7. A faint attempt of the American militia to make a 
stand at Bladensburg, six miles from Washington (August 24, 
1 8 14), hardly checked the advance. Ross entered the city 
without further opposition, Mr. Madison and other officers of 
the government taking flight. The Capitol, the President's 
house, the Library of Congress, and the buildings of the 
State, Treasury, and War Departments were burned. 

8. Defejice of Baltimore. — After this barbarous destruc- 
tion the invaders sailed for Baltimore. Ross and his troops 
landed at North Point, fourteen miles from the city, and 
the fleet bombarded Fort McHenry, which commanded the 
entrance to the harbor. But Ross M^as killed in a skirmish, 
the attack upon the fort failed, and on the night of the 13th 
of September the assailants retired.* 

* It was during the bombardment of Fort McHenry that Francis Scott Key, an 
American gentleman detained onboard one of the T?ritish ships, to which he had gone 
to ask the release of a friend, wrote the words of " The Star-Spangied Bannert" 



Jacks oils Victory at N'czu Orleans. 193 

9. Battle of New Orleans. — A much more formidable ex- 
pedition was despatched by the British against New Orleans. 
It was led by Sir Edward Pakenham, a distinguished general 
of Wellington's campaigns, and comprised twelve thousand 
veteran troops, with a fleet mustering four thousand sailors 
and marines. To oppose this force General Andrew Jack- 
son, who commanded in the South, had only one thousand 
regulars and four thousand militia. 

10. Jackson had constructed a line of entrenchments four 
miles below the city, extending from the Mississippi on one 
side to an impassable swamp on the other. At first his de- 
fences were breastworks built of cotton-bales, but as the 
British artillery set the cotton on fire, it was all removed and 
a ditch and earthworks were constructed. The only ap- 
proach for the British was by a neck of land hardly a mile 
wide and entirely exposed to the American batteries. 

!!• Pakenham tried a cannonade in vain. On the 8th of 
January, 1815, he ordered an assault. His troops moved for- 
ward in excellent order, in spite of the murderous fire of the 
American artillery ; but when they came within range of the 
Tennessee riflemen the slaughter was so terrible that they 
broke and fled. Pakenham was killed ; Gibbs, one of his 
subordinate generals, was mortally wounded ; and the British 
retired to their ships. Their loss in the battle was about two 
thousand, while that of the Americans was only thirteen. 
This was the last land battle of the war. Indeed, a peace 
had already been concluded at Ghent, but the news had not 
yet reached America. 

12. Peace. — Both sides had for some time desired peace, 
and in America there was a considerable party, especially in 
New England, with whom the war had always been unpopu- 
lar. In December, 18 14, a convention of the peace party of 
New England met at Hartford to consider the grievances of 
the people. The Hartford convention was often denounced 
as treasonable, but there was not sufficient ground for such a 
charge, 



J 94 Abridged Histoiy of the Uiiited States. 

13. The negotiations for peace took place at Ghent, in 
Belgium, and the treaty, having been signed December 24, 
1 814, was promptly ratified by both governments. Nothing 
was said in it about the right of search and impressment of 
seamen, out of which the war arose ; but as the British 
silently dropped their claim, the United States must be said 
to have succeeded in the object of the contest. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. Give an account of Brown's invasion of Canada. 

2. Of tlie battle of Lundy's Lane. 

3. Of the siege of Fort Erie. 

4. What did Prevost undertake? 

.5. Describe the battle of Plattsburg. Who were the commanders 
on each side ? 

6. Give an account of the British movement against Washington. 
Who were the leaders? 

7. What defence was made? What did the British do after occupy- 
ing the cit)'? 

8. What was their next movement? The result at Baltimore. 

g. Give an account of the expedition against New Orleans. The 
forces on each side. The commanders. 

10. Describe the defences. 

11. The battle. 

12. What was the Hartford convention?- 

13 Give an account of the peace. What did the United States gain ? 



CHAPTER XLI. 

The Barbary Pirates — James Monroe President, 1817-1821 — 
Purchase of Florida — Slavery — The Missouri Compromise — 
The Monroe Doctrine— Indian Missions. 



1. War with Algiers. — The piracies of the Algerines 
had been renewed during the war with England, and as soon 
as peace was concluded Commodore Decatur was sent to the 
Mediterranean with a fleet of nine vessels (May, 1815) to 
deal with the affair decisively. He captured the best ship in 
the Algerine navy, and when he appeared off Algiers the 
terrified dey was ready to submit to any demands. After 
compelling this ruler to come 
on board the flag-ship, sign a 
treaty, pay damages, and 
release all his captives, De- 
catur exacted certain in- 
demnities from Tunis and 
Tripoli, and the piracies of 
the Barbary Powers were 
stopped for ever. 

2. James Monroe Presi- 
dent. — At the elections of 
18 1 6 the Democratic or 
Anti-Federalist party was 
again successful, and James 
Monroe, of Virginia, Madi- 
son's Secretary of State, was 
chosen President. He was 
re-elected in 1820, when he received all the electoral votes* 
but one. 

3. Florida.— Hostilities broke out with the Seminole and 
Creek Indians of Spanish Florida, Georgia, and Alabama in 




James Monroe. 



196 Abridged History of the United States. 

181 7, and General Jackson, being sent to the scene of dis- 
turbance, chastised the savages and destroyed their villages. 

4. Satisfied that the Spaniards had incited the Indians to 
make war, Jackson invaded Florida (April, 1818), captured 
St. Mark's, and hanged two British subjects who were con- 
victed by a court-martial of stirring up the Indians and sup- 
plying them with arms. Then he seized Pensacola and sent 
the Spanish troops and civil authorities to Havana. 

5. Spain vigorously protested against these proceedings 
as a gross violation of neutrality, but they were defended by 
the government on the plea that they were necessary for the 
protection of the States. The matter was finally arranged by 
the purchase of Florida by the United States for $5,000,000 
in 1819. 

6. Slavery Agitation. — The question of slavery began to 
give serious trouble during Mr. Monroe's administration. In 
the Northern States the use of slave labor had nearly died 
out, while in the South, on the other hand, it had rapidly in- 
creased in consequence of the great development of the 
cotton industry. 

7. In the Northwest Territory slavery was prohibited by 
law ; in all territories south of that domain it was permitted. 
There soon grew up a contest between the free and the slave 
States for the control of the government, the South wishing 
to extend the area of slavery by the admission of new slave 
States ; the North seeking to confine the institution to the 
localities where it already existed ; while the abolitionists of 
the North desired to put a stop to it altogether. Hence be- 
gan the ''irrepressible conflict" between free and slave labor 
which ended, after more than forty years, in the great civil 
war. 

8. The Missouri Compromise. — In the session of Con- 
gress of 1818-19 the controversy became exciting when it 
was proposed to admit Missouri as a State. The House of 
Representatives voted by a small majority to prohibit slavery 
in the new State; th(? Sen^-te woulcl not consent At tire 



The Monroe Docii^ine ; Indian Alissions. 197 



next session the conflict was renewed with the same result. 
At last a compromise was made (1820) by which Missouri 
was admitted as a slave State, but it was agreed that slavery 
should not be tolerated in future north of latitude 36° 30', 
which was the southern boundary 6f Missouri. This law, 
known as the Missouri Compromise, quelled for a time an 
agitation which threatened to break up the Union, 

9. The Monroe Doctrine. — Mexico and the Spanish colo- 
nies of South America had revolted against Spain and estab- 
lished republics, and in 1822 President Monroe acknowledged 
them as independent nations. The next year Mr. Monroe 
declared in his annual message that "the American conti- 
nents are not to be considered as subjects for future colo- 
nization by any European power." This principle after- 
wards became famous as the "Monroe Doctrine." 

10. Indian Missions. — It was during the administration 
of Mr. Madison that the 
Catholic missions among the 
Indians west of the Missis- 
sippi, neglected after the 
dispersion of the French 
Jesuits, entered upon a new 
course of prosperity. Bish- 
op DuboLirg, soon after his 
appointment to the see of 
New Orleans in 18 15, ex- 
erted himself to obtain 
missionaries for the Western 
tribes, and from the labors 
thus begun date the fruit- 
ful enterprises which the 
Church has since prosecuted 
among these Indians. 

11. In 1824 a number of Jesuits were secured. They 
p?|ien?d s'l schonol for Indian bt)ys at Floriss^at, »ear the 
i^urfjoit of the IVfi^sburi arid Mississippi rivers, wMx^ Hly 




Father De Simet. 



198 Abridged History of the United States. 

Ladies of the Sacred Heart had already a school for Indian 
girls. The missions on the Missouri were confided to the 
Jesuits, and those on the Mississippi to the Lazarists, 

12. Among the Jesuits at Florissant was Father Peter 
John De Smet, one of several young Belgians who came to 
the United States under the care of the Rev. Charles Ne- 
tinckx, one of the first priests in Kentucky. Father De Smet 
devoted the whole of his long life to the Indian missions, 
earning the title of the Apostle of the Rocky Mountains, 
and recalling by his extraordinary career the heroic days of 
Jogues and Brebeuf. He died in 1872. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. What was the object of Decatur's expedition to the Mediterra- 
nean ? Wliat did he accomplish? 

2. Who was elected President in 1816? Was he re-elected? 

3. 4. Give an account of General Jackson's proceedings in Florida. 

5. Plow was the difhcult}'- wiih Spain arranged ? 

6. What is said of slavery at the North? At the South ? 

7 What did the Southern States wish? The Northern States? 
8. What was the controversy about Missouri ? The Missouri Com- 
promise ? 

g. Explnin the Monroe Doctrine. 

TO, IT. What did Bishop Dubourg do for the Indians ? 

12. Give an account of Father De Smet. 



CHAPTER XLIL 

John Quincy Adams, 1825-1829 — Andrew Jackson, 1829-1837 — The 
United States Bank — Nullification — Indian Waks — Rail- 
roads — Martin Van Buren, 1837-1841 — William Henry Har- 
rison, 1841. 

1. John duincy Adams. — At the election of 1824 there 
were four candidates for the Presidency, none of whom had 
a majority of the votes. John Quincy Adams was there- 
upon chosen by the House of Representatives. He was a 
son of President John Adams, and belonged to the same 
political school as Monroe. His administration was quiet, 
prosperous, and economical. 

2. On the 4th of July, 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of 
the Declaration of Independence, John Adams died at 
Quincy, Massachusetts, and Thomas Jefferson at Monticello, 
Virginia. They expired nearly at the same hour. 

3. Andrew Jackson. — Party feeling was very bitter at 
the election of 1828. Andrew Jackson, who had been Mr. 
Adams's principal competitor in 1824, was chosen Presi- 
dent. He was a man of great energy and boldness, and 
his administration, which lasted eight years, was full of strife. 

4. The United States Bank. — A national United States 
Bank had been established by Alexander Hamilton, and the 
public money was deposited in it. Jackson was bitterly 
opposed to this institution, but the majority of Congress 
were in favor of it. Against the President's recommenda- 
tion they passed a bill to renew its charter, which was about 
to expire, and they also refused to remove the public money 
from the bank. Jackson vetoed the charter, and ordered 
the removal of the deposits on his own authority (1833) — a 
measure which was followed by a good deal of commercial 
distress and intense political excitement. In this quarrel the 
|}\ismess classes generally t66k the side of the bmk an(i 

m 



200 Abridged History of tJie United States. 

became known as Whigs, while the partisans of the President 
kept the old name of Democrats. 

5. Nullification. — A still more serious controversy arose 
at the South. Since 1820 the government had followed the 
policy of a protective tariff, intended to encourage manufac- 
turing interests at home by laying a heavy duty upon foreign 
imported goods. This plan was popular at the North, where 
there were many mi)ls and factories, but not at the South, 
where industry was almost entirely agricultural. 

6. A law having been passed in 1832 increasing certain 
duties, a State convention in South Carolina declared the 
tariff acts unconstitutional, and resolved to resist the attempt 
to collect duties by force of arms. Preparations were also 
made to take South Carolina out of the Union. Thus was 
asserted the doctrine of the right of secession which led to 
the civil war nearly thirty years later. 

7. The leader of the " nullification party," so-called be- 
cause it insisted that a State could nullify, or annul, an act 
of Congress, was John C. Calhoun, who had resigned the 
Vice-Presidency and been elected senator from South Caro- 
lina. The most distinguished champion of the opposite 
theory was Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts, who, in a 
famous debate with Senator Hayne, of South Carolina, last- 
ing for several days, presented the constitutional arguments 
against secession and nullification with an eloquence and 
force never equalled in any discussion of that question. 

8. President Jackson acted with characteristic vigor. He 
ordered troops and a ship-of war to Charleston, and privately 
assured the leaders of the nullification party that if they 
committed any overt act of rebellion he would 'hang them. 
Meanwhile, however, Mr. Clay, the chief champion of the 
protective system, introduced a compromise measure for the 
^eduction of the tariff by slow degrees, and with the passing 
of this bill (1833) the South Carolina party was satisfied. 

9. Indian Troubles.— An Indian war in what is now Wis- 
consin vyas closed by \\\^ capture of Black Hawk, chief of 



y 



Indiaii Troubles ; Van Bur en and Tyler. 201 

the Sacs and Foxes, and the removal of the tribes beyond 
the Mississippi. In this campaign Abraham Lnicohi served 
as a captain of volunteers, and Jefferson Davis as a lieuten- 
ant of regulars. The removal of the Seminoles and Creeks 
of Florida was not accomplished without a more serious war, 
lasting from 1835 to 1842. The savages, under their chief, 
Osceola, took refuge in the trackless swamps, and were only 
dislodged at the cost of many lives. Osceola was captured, 
and died in imprisonment. 

10. Eailroads. — The railroad system, to which the coun- 
try owes its rapid development, was begun during Jackson's 
administration, the first steam locomotive in this country 
being run on the track of the Delaware and Hudson Canal 
Company in Pennsylvania, in 1829, 

11. Martin Van Bure^n President. — The Democrats 
elected Martin Van Buren, of New York, President in 1836. 
The country was not prosperous during his term of office 
( 1 837-1 841), and although he carried out some excellent 
measures, and settled a threatening dispute with Great Bri- 
tain about the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick, 
he was defeated as a candidate for re-election, the Whigs 
choosing General William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, known 
as "the hero of Tippecanoe" (see page 187). General Har- 
rison lived only one month after his inauguration. The office 
then devolved upon the Vice-President, John Tyler, of Vir- 
ginia (1841). 

QUESTIONS. 

I. What is said of the election of 1824? 

z. Wiiat happened on the fiftieth anniversaiy of the Declaration of 
Independence? 

3. Who was the next President ? How long was he in office ? 

4. Who founded the United States Bank ? What was Jackson's 
course towards it? 

5. What was the policy of protection ? How was it regarded North 
and South ? 

6. What was done in South Carolina] 



202 Abridged History of the United States. 



7. Why was the nullification party so named? Who was its 
leader ? Who was the principal champion of the other side ? 

8. What was the President's course? What compromise was 
adopted ? Who was its author ? 

9. What is said of the Indian war in the West ? In Florida ? 

10. When was the first steam railroad in this country operated ? 

11. Who succeeded Jackson in ihe Presidency? What did he 
accomplish ? Who was next chosen ? By what party ? How long was 
he in office ? Who succeeded him ? 



CHAPTER XLIIL 



John Tyler President, 1841-1845 — Native American Riots— Texas 

— Annexation. 

1. Mr. Tyler and the Whigs. ^-Mr. Tyler soon quarrelled 
with the Whig party which elected him, one of the earliest 
causes of dissension being the old United States Bank, which 
the Whigs wished to re-establish. They enacted a new char- 
ter, but the President vetoed it. 

2. An affair known as " Dorr's Rebellion " occurred in 
1842 in Rhode Island, where a party led by Thomas Dorr 
wished to exchange the old constitution for a new one giving 
more power to the people. Dorr assumed to be governor by 
the votes of his partisans ; the lawful governor appealed to 
the President for assistance, and Mr. Tyler sent troops to 
uphold him. Dorr was convicted of treason and sentenced 
to imprisonment for life, but he was soon pardoned. 

3. Native American Riots. — In 1844 the " Native Ame- 
rican " party, organized for the purpose of excluding Catho- 
lics from politics, provoked a dreadful riot in Philadelphia, 
which lasted three days. Two of the Catholic churches, a 
house of the Sisters of Charity, the valuable library of the 
Augustinian Fathers, and a number of private dwellings oc- 
cupied by Irish. Catholics were destroyed and many persons , 
were killed. A similar riot in New York was prevented 
mriinly by the courage and prudence of Bishop Hughes. 



Invention of the Telegraph ; Texas, 203 

4. The Telegraph — The first electric telegraph line in 
the United States was erected in 1844 by Samuel F. B. 
Morse. Professor Morse made this important invention as 
early as 1832. He had great difficulty in persuading people 
that his iidea was practicable, and in raising money to carry 
it out. At length, on the very last night of the session. Con- 
gress was induced to appropriate $30,000 for building an ex- 
perimental line between Baltimore and Washington. . 

5. Texas. — What is now the State of Texas was originally 
part of Mexico. The people, many of whom were colonists 
from the United States, declared their independence in 1835, 
and, after some fighting, established a republic with Gene- 
ral Houston as President. A majority of them wished for 
annexation to the United States, and the project was gene- 
rally favored in the South. In the North, on the contrary, 
it met with much opposition, partly because it involved war 
with Mexico, and partly because it meant the establishment 
of more slave States. 

6. A proposal for annexation which had once been de- 
feated was revived by Mr. Tyler in 1844. The Senate re- 
jected a treaty of annexation ; but the elections having re- 
sulted in the success of the Democratic party, which favored 
the scheme, a resolution declaring Texas part of the United 
States passed Congress March i, 1845, and was signed by 
Mr. Tyler three days before he went out of office. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. What is said of Tyler and his party ? 

2. What was Dorr's Rebellion? 

3. Give the story of the Native American riots. 

4. Of the first electric telegraph line. 

5. What was the early history of Texas ? What is said of annexa- 
tion ? Why was it opposed at the North ? 

6. What did the President do about it? How was the question 
affected by the elections of 1844 ? What was the result ? 



CHAPTER XLIV. 

Campaign of Taylor — Cafturk of California — Campaign of 
Scott — Fall of Mexico — The Treaty of Peace. 

1. The Mexican War. — The new President, James K, 
Polk, of Tennessee, was in full sympathy with Mr. Tyler's 
plan of annexation. He promptly ordered General Zachary 
Taylor to Texas, with about fifteen hundred men as an army 
of occupation, and instructed him to take a position between 
the Nueces {nway -ces) River and the Rio Grande {i-e -o graii - 
day) — a disputed district which Mexico insisted had never 
belonged to Texas. This made war inevitable. As soon as 
the first skirmish was reported the President declared in a 
special message to Congress, May ii, 1846, that 'Svar existed 
by the act of Mexico," and Congress appropriated $t 0,000, - 
000 and authorized the raising of fifty thousand volunteers. 

2. The first pitched battle took place near the Rio 
Grande at Palo Alto, where, in an engagement of five hours, 
Taylor with two thousand men defeated General Arista with 
six thousand. May 8, 1846. The next day the armies met 
again at Resaca de la Palma {j-ay-saJi-ca day la pa/il'-ifta), 
where the Mexicans were routed with great loss. In this 
battle Captain May and his dragoons dashed at a battery 
which was doing the Americans much damage, rode over the 
guns, and carried off the Mexican General La Vega {i.'ay'-ga). 

3. Taylor now crossed the Rio Grande, and as soon as he 
had been reinforced, pushed into the interior with six thou- 
sand men. The city of Monterey {mon-tay-ray'), with nine 
thousand Mexicans under General Ampudia {ani-Jyoo'-de-a), 
surrendered after a three days' battle (September 24). Tam- 
pico, a port on the Gulf of Mexico, was taken by an Ameri- 
can squadron under Commodore Conner. 

4. Conquest of California. — In the meantime California, 

304 



Mexican War ; Conquest of California, 205 



which was then the northern province of Mexico, had been 
conquered by a handful of Americans. Before the war be- 
gan Captain John C. Fremont had been employed for several 
years in exploring the almost unknown country beyond the 
Rocky Mountains, with a view especially to the discovery of 
the best overland route to the Pacific Ocean. He was en- 
gaged on the third of his great expeditions when rumors of 
impending war with Mexico reached him. 

5. Joining himself and his sixty men to a small body of 
American settlers on the Sacramento River, who proposed to 
organize themselves as an independent State, he easily re- 
pulsed the Mexicans, and held his own until war had been 
declared and an American squadron had occupied San Fran- 
cisco harbor and Monterey. Then the independent State 
was abandoned, and the explorers and colonists placed them- 
selves under the orders of Commodore Stockton. 

6. With about three hundred soldiers, sailors, and volun- 
teers Stockton captured Los Angeles {ahn'-ge-les), the capital 
of the province ; California was then proclaimed a Territory 
of the United States, and Fremont was appointed governor. 
There was some fighting, but two victories in January, 1847, 
decided the contest in favor of the Americans. 

7. Kearny and Doniphan. — A force called the Army of 
the West, under General Stephen W. Kearny, had been de- 
spatched from Fort Leavenworth in June, 1846, to invade 
California. They marched across the plains and occupied 
Santa Fe {sa/in'-ta fay), New Mexico. Thence, finding that 
Fremont had forestalled him, Kearny pushed on to the Paci- 
fic with only one hundred men, leaving Colonel Doniphan 
with a thousand volunteers to chastise the Navajo {na-va/i- 
ho) Indians. 

8. After performing this duty Doniphan started for the 
army in Mexico. He defeated superior forces of the enemy 
at Bracito {bra-the -to) and Chihuahua (che wak'-wah), and in 
May, 1847, reached General Wool at Saltillo, after a march 
which is considered orje of the remarkable exploits of the war. 



2o6 Abridged History of the United States, 

9. Battle of Buena Vista. — Taylor had been obliged to 
send most of his choicest troops to General Scott, and while 
he was thus weakened he was attacked by the Mexican presi- 
dent and commander-in-chief, General Santa Anna, at Buena 
Vista {bway-7iah vees'-tah), near Saltillo {sal-teel'-yo). The 
Americans were outnumbered four to one, but Santa Anna 
was routed after a terrible battle of ten hours (February 23, 
1847). Among the officers who distinguished themselves 
under Taylor were Wool, May, Jefferson Davis, and Brax- 
ton Bragg. 

10. Scott's Campaign.: — General Winfield Scott, who was 
commander-in-chief of the United States army, led in person 
the forces destined for the reduction of the city of Mexico. 
In March, 1847, he arrived off Vera Cruz, a strongly fortified 
city on the Gulf of Mexico. The defences were bombarded 
both by land batteries and the ships of Commodore Conner, 
and after four days' fire the place surrendered (March 26) 
with five thousand prisoners and five hundred guns. 

11. Marching at once towards the capital, Scott defeated 
Santa Anna at the mountain-pass of Cerro Gordo (April 18), 
rested three months among the hills to enable his men to 
recover from the effects of the climate, and in August ap- 
peared before the city of Mexico with ten thousand men, 
less than one-third of the number of the Mexican garrison. 

12. Capture of the City of Mexico.— On the 20th the 
Americans won three important victories, carrying the forti- 
fied camp of Contreras, the castle of San Antonio, and the 
heights of Churubusco. On the 8th of September they took 
a strongly fortified building called El Molino del Rey {ino-lee- 
no del ray), or "The King's Mill.' On the 13th the heights 
of Chapultepec were stormed amid great slaughter, and pos- 
session was secured of two of the gates of the city. The next 
morning Scott and his victorious army entered the capital in 
triumph. 

13. This was practically the end of the war. By the 
treaty of peace signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo i^gwah-dah-loo - 



End of the Mexican War. 20 7 

pay he-dal' -go)^yi2.XQh 2, 1848, the Rio Grande was recognized 
as the western boundary of Texas, and Mexico sold to the 
United States for $18,500,000 the provinces of Upper Cali- 
fornia and New Mexico. This important acquisition com- 
prised not only the* present California and New Mexico, but 
also Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona, and part of Colorado. 
The southern part of New Mexico was purchased from Mexi- 
co a few years later. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. Whom did President Polk send to the frontier ? What were his 
orders? 

2. Where was the first pitched battle fought? With what result? 
What happened the next day? 

3. What was Taylor's next movement ? What occurred at Mon- 
terey ? 

4. What was Fremont doing at this time in California? 

5. Describe his operations. 

6. What was done in Southern California? The result? 

7. What was Kearny's expedition ? 

8. Doniphan's expedition ? 

9. Give an account of the battle of Buena Vista. 

10. What general commanded the expedition against the city of 
Mexico ? What was his first operation ? 

11. Give an account of his march 

12. What battles were fought in front of the city? When was it 
captured ? 

13. What did the United States acquire by the treaty of peace? 



CHAPTER XLV. 

California and New Mexico — The Missions— Discovery of Gold. 

1. California Missions. — The peninsula of Lower Califor- 
nia, which was retained by Mexico, had long been occupied 
by the Spaniards, and became as early as 1642 the seat of one 
of the greatest of the Jesuit missionary enterprises. Upper 
California, the portion sold to the United States, had few 
white inhabitants, and for many years was only visited by 
the priests occasionally. In 1769, however, the Franciscans, 
who had succeeded the Jesuits, founded the mission of San 
Diego, and this was soon followed by others. The leader of 
the good friars was Father Juniper Serra, who had the rank 
of prefect-apostolic. 

2. The California missions were managed on a peculiar 
plan. The priests went in small companies, attended by a 
few soldiers, and planted a colony of Indian converts well 
supplied with herds and cattle and farming tools. The In- 
dians made excellent herdsmen ; the missions prospered ; the 
wild tribes were attracted to them ; and thus large communi- 
ties of converts were gradually built up. White settlers were 
not encouraged to join them. The missionaries had entire 
control of the settlements. 

3. Under this plan, in spite of occasional savage out- 
breaks, the work of converting and civilizing the Indians 
went on with extraordinary success. The natives became 
•orderly and industrious ; they were expert farmers, masons, 
mechanics, and weavers. The great mission of San Luis 
contained as many as 3,500 Indian Christians, who owned 
60,000 head of cattle and raised every year 13,000 bushels of 
grain. 

4. At one time the missions numbered 30,000 Indians, 
424,000 head of cattle, 62,000 horses, and 320,000 sheep. 

ao8 



Missions of California and New Mexico. 209 

But on the establishment of the Mexican Republic the system 
which had produced such rich fruit was violently broken up. 
The Mexican civil authorities began in 1824 to expel the 
missionaries and seize the mission property, and soon after- 
wards a decree was passed by the Mexican Congress to 
" secularize " all these Indian colonies. Under the opera- 
tion of this law the lands, buildings, cattle, etc., were con- 
fiscated, the converts were scattered, and at least one of the 
fathers died of starvation. 

6. In five years the number of mission Indians was re- 
duced from 30,000 to 4,000. The others, separated from 
religious influences, soon lost what civilization they had ac- 
quired, and fell into a state of degradation from which very 
few of them were ever rescued. 

6. When Upper California became a territory of the 
United States there were only some weak and scattered 
remains of the once powerful missions. One of the Fran- 
ciscans, Father Francis Garcia Diego y Moreno, had been 
consecrated bishop of both Calif ornias in 1840, but he died 
in 1846, and his place had not been filled. 

7. Missions of New Mexico. — The Spanish missionaries 
were at work in New Mexico three hundred years before 
that region was acquired by the United States (see page 
26), and they were so successful that in 1626 they had 
twenty-seven stations, with large churches and thousands 
of converts. A great many of the Pueblo Indians became 
Christians. A rising of the savages in 1680 obliterated t>ie 
missions along with the Spanish power ; but the priests re- 
turned, and, although they afterwards suffered other disasters, 
the Church which they planted was never entirely over- 
turned. In Arizona also there had been Catholic mission- 
aries from a very early period. 

8. Discovery of Gold. — When California was sold to the 
United States it was not supposed to be of extraoidinary 
value ; but before the treaty with Mexico was signed gold 
Avas discovered (February, 1848) on the American fork of 



2IO Abridged History of the United States. 

the Sacramento River, and soon afterwards in many other 
places near there. When the news reached the States an 
immense crowd of gold-hunters rushed to California, some 
going by ship around Cape Horn, some crossing the Isthmus 
of Panama, and others travelling by wagon-trains across the 
plains and mountains. In the course of the year 1849 nearly 
one hundred thousand immigrants entered California, and the 
whole character of the settlements was suddenly changed. 
Immense fortunes were made by digging for gold or groping 
in the streams and washing gold from the sands. Great 
numbers of the adventurers, however, found nothing ; there 
was much suffering ; crimes and disorders of all sorts became 
common ; and the gold-diggings were the resort of the most 
desperate characters. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. What is said of the Spanish missions in California? What mis- 
sion did the Franciscans found in the present State? Who was their 
chief? 

2. How were the missions managed ? 

3. What was the result of this plan ? 

4. How were the missions broken up ? 

5. What was the consequence ? 

6. Who was consecrated bishop of the Californias? 

7. How long had the missionaries been at work in New Mexico? 
What happened in 1680? 

8. What important discovery was made in California in 1S48 ? 
What followed ? 



Chapter xlvi. 

Presidents Taylor, Fillmore, and Pierce, 1849-1857 — The Know- 
NoTHiNGS — Reorganization of Parties — The Mormons — The 
Atlantic Telegraph. 



1. Oregon— Immigration.— Among the important events 
of Mr. Polk's administration were the settlement by compro- 
mise of a dispute with Great Britain about the boundary be- 
tween Oregon and the British possessions, and the beginning 
of the great movement of emigration from pAirope to the 
United States. The number of arrivals annually had been 
slowly increasing up to 1844 ; but in 1845 it rose suddenly to 
114,000, and in 1850 it exceeded 310,000. More than half 
these new settlers were 
Irish. One cause of the 
great increase of immigra- 
tion between 1845 and 
1854 was the Irish famine, 
and another was the politi- 
cal disturbance in Europe. 

2. Taylor and Fillmore. 
— Mr. Polk was succeeded 
in the Presidency (1849) by 
General Zachary Taylor, 
elected by the Whigs over 
I/ewis Cass, Democrat, and 
ex-President Van Buren, 
candidate of the Free-Soil 
party, who believed that 
slavery ought to be forbid- 
den in the Territories. General Taylor died July 9, 1850, 
and the vacant office fell to Vice-President Fillmore. 

3. Pierce. — President Fillmore's term was principally oc- 




Zachary Taylor. 



:2 1 2 Abridged History of the United States. 

cupied with the discussion of the slavery question, and. that 
was the chief issue in the election of 1852, when Franklin 
Pierce, of New Hampshire, a Democrat and representative of 
Southern ideas, was chosen over General Scott, Whig, and 
John P. Hale, Free-Soiler. 

4. The Know-Nothing Movement. — A fanatical excite- 
ment against the Catholics began to disturb the country in 
1853. Tumults were aroused in New York ; preachers de- 
claimed in the streets against " Popery " ; but the Catholics, 
by the advice of Archbishop Hughes, kept away from public 
meetings, and order was easily restored by the militia. 

5. Archbishop Bedini, Papal Nuncio to Brazil, was visit- 
ing the United States at this time, and the rage of the fana- 
tics against him knew no bounds. At Cincinnati a German 
newspaper openly urged the radicals to murder him. The 
next night, which was Christmas (1853), a mob of Germans 
marched with arms to attack the house in which the nuncio 
was lodged ; the police resisted them ; a fight occurred, and 
eighteen persons were killed. 

6. In the course of 1854 mobs destroyed Catholic 
churches at Manchester and Dorchester, New Hampshire ; 
at Bath, Maine, and at Newark, New Jersey. The Jesuit 
Father Bapst was tarred and feathered and ridden on a rail 
at Ellsworth, Maine. A church in Williamsburg, New York, 
was attacked, and only saved from destruction by the arrival 
of the military. 

7. These outrages were promoted by secret societies, com- 
monly called " Know-Nothing " associations. They made a 
political question of hostility to the Catholics, and in 1854 
they carried the elections in a great many of the Northern 
States. In June, 1855, they held a National Convention at 
Philadelphia, and published a declaration of political princi- 
ples, in which they avowed their determined opposition to the 
Roman Catholic Church, and their resolve that none but na- 
tive Americans should hold office. 

8. In August, 1855, there was a terrible riot in Louisville, 



The Morinon Rebellion. 213 

\vherc the Know-Nothings burned or pillaged about twenty 
houses, killed a large number of Irish and German Catholics, 
and were with difficulty prevented from destroying the ca- 
thedral. 

9. Reorganization of Parties. — The Know-Nothing, or 
American, party soon went to pieces ; the Whigs likewise dis- 
appeared ; and the new Republican party, pledged to resist 
the extension of slavery, entered the campaign of 1856 with 
John C. Fremont as its candidate for President. There was 
an exciting contest, which ended in the success of the Demo- 
cratic nominee, James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania. 

10. The Mormon Rebellion. — Soon after Mr. Buchanan's 
inauguration the Mormons of Utah were found to be in 
rebellion against the United States. This fanatical sect 
was founded in Western New York in 1830 by an impostor 
named Joseph Smith, who pretended to have received from 
an angel a revelation written in an unknown tongue on gold- 
en plates. He published, under the title of The Book of 
Jlfonnon, what he called a translation from these imaginary 
plates, and set himself up as the prophet of a new religion, 
in which " the saints " were to have as many wives as they 
pleased. 

11. Going West with a number of followers, he was mur- 
dered by a mob in Illinois in 1844. ^* The Latter-Day 
Saints," as they styled themselves, had grown strong and 
prosperous, and Smith's successor, Brigham Young, deter- 
mined to lead them into what is now Utah, and found an in- 
dependent State. The removal took place in 1847, and they 
built Salt Lake City, on the great body of water from which 
the place takes its name. 

12. They called their State Deseret, and made Brigham 
Young governor. Utah was part of the territory purchased 
by the United States from Mexico, but the Mormons refused 
to recognize the United States authorities or obey the United 
States laws. They committed many murders, and in 1857 
they massacred at a place called the Mountain Meadow a 



214 Abridged History of the United States. 

whole company of one hundred and twenty men, women, and 
children who were passing through Utah on the way to Cali- 
fornia. 

13. Mr. Buchanan was unable to reduce them to obe- 
dience until he sent an army of twenty-five hundred men 
against them. Brigham Young threatened war and raised 
troops, but submitted at the last moment. The Mormons, 
however, have never become good citizens, and continue to 
defy the laws against polygamy. 

14. The Atlantic Cable. — The first telegraph cable be- 
tween Europe and America was laid in 1858, and congratula- 
tions between Queen Victoria and President Buchanan were 
the first messages that passed through it. The cable, how- 
ever, was soon interrupted ; and it was not until eight years 
later that the persevering efforts of the originator of the pro- 
ject, Mr. Cyrus Field, of New York, were rewarded with per- 
manent success. 



QUESTIONS. 

T. What dispute widi England did Mr. Polk settle? When did im- 
migration begin to be rapid ? 

2. Who succeeded Mr. Polk? Who followed President Taylor, and 
when ? 

3. Who was the next President? 

4. What disturbance arose in 1S53 ? 

5. 6. Mention some of the mob outrages. 

7. What faction promoted these acts of violence ? What was their 
declared purpose ? 

8. What occurred in Louisville? 

9. What is said of the next presidential election? 

10. Who was the founder of the Mormons? What did he pretend ? 

11. What became of him ? Who was his successor ! 

12. What did the Mormons do in Utah? 

13. How were they subdued ? 

14. When was the first Atlantic telegraph cable laid ? 



CHAPTER XLVIL 

The Slavery Agitatiom Increasing — The Compromise of 1850 — 
The Fugitive Slave Law— The Kansas-Nebraska Bill- 
Repeal of the Missouri Compromise— War in Kansas— Dred 
Scott — John Brown — Election of Abraham Lincoln. 

1. The Slavery auestion.— After the annexation of Texas 
the dissensions over the subject of slavery became more 
bitter than ever, and the question assumed an overpowering 
influence in all political movements. So long as the balance 
could be kept even between North and South by admitting 
free and slave States alternately, there was comparative peace ; 
but with the admission of Texas the area out of which slave 
States would naturally be formed was exhausted, while an 
indefinite number of free States was sure to be organized in 
the West and Northwest. 

2. When California applied for admission as a free State 
(1850) the South made violent opposition ; the debates on 
both sides were conducted with extreme bitterness ; and the 
more violent Southerners even took some steps towards se- 
cession. 

3. Henry Clay's Compromise.— The difficulty was evaded 
for a short time by a compromise measure proposed by 
Henry Clay (1850). Its principal points were the admission 
of California as a free State, the abolition of the slave-trade 
in the District of Columbia, and the adoption of a Fugitive 
Slave Law under which slaves who escaped to the free States 
might be arrested and sent back to their masters. 

4. This Fugitive Slave Law, faithfully enforced by Presi- 
dent Fillmore, proved especially hateful to the North. It 
was often evaded and sometimes openly resisted, it led to 
mob violence, and it strengthened the anti-slavery party ; 
while the agitation of the question of the morality and 

wisdom of slavery was hotly resented at the South, 

215 



2i6 Abridged History of the United States. 

5. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — Peace under Mr. Clay's 
compromise lasted less than four years. It was broken in 
January, 1854, by the introduction by Senator Stephen A. 
Douglas, of Illinois, of a bill to repeal the Missouri Compro- 
mise (see page 196), which provided that there should be no 
slavery north of latitude 36^ 30', and to create the Territories 
of Kansas and Nebraska (both north of that line), with or 
without slavery as the inhabitants might prefer. This 
principle was called " popular sovereignty " or " squatter 
sovereignty." 

6. The bill was vehemently opposed by the anti-slavery 
party, and by many others at the North, who regarded the 
Missouri Compromise as a solemn and binding agreement 
It i^assed, however, in May, amidst angry excitement. 

7. Civil War in Kansas. — As the question of slavery was to 
be decided by the votes of the people of the new Territories, 
both parties exerted themselves to send out emigrants. Kan- 
sas was the scene of the struggle. Elections were carried by 
wholesale fraud or prevented by force ; rival legislatures were 
dispersed by armed bands ; there were murders and riots ; six 
governors in succession were appointed by the President — two 
were removed, and three of them resigned in despair. At 
last, after five years of anarchy and bloodshed, the free- 
State party triumphed and slavery was excluded from Kansas. 

8. The Dred Scott Decision. — The agitation received a 
fresh impulse at the beginning of Mr. Buchanan's administra- 
tion from a decision of the Supreme Court of the United 
States in the case of a slave named Dred Scott, who sued 
for his freedom on the ground that his master had taken 
him into the free territory of Illinois. The court decided 
(March, 1857) that it had no jurisdiction in the suit, because 
a negro could not be a citizen of the United States. Chief- 
Justice Taney also expressed the opinion that the Missouri 
Compromise was unconstitutional, slaves being private prop- 
erty which Congress had no right to interfere with. 

9. Qr^at ejccitenient was caused by this decision at the 



John Browns Raid ; Election of Lincohi, 2 1 7 

North. The abolition party was strengthened ; associations 
for helping slaves to escape became more active ; " personal- 
liberty bills " were passed in several of the free States to 
prevent the return of negroes under the Fugitive Slave Law 
without a trial by jury. Finally an enterprise was under- 
taken by an anti-slavery enthusiast named John Brown, with 
about twenty companions, which aroused the whole country. 

10. John Brown's Raid. — Brown's plan was to raise an 
insurrection among the slaves of Virginia and arm them to 
liberate their people by force. In October, 1859, he and his 
men surprised and seized the United States arsenal at 
Harper's Ferry, where there was a large store of muskets 
and ammunition ; but the negroes did not rise, and Brown 
was overpowered by National and State troops, and hanged 
(December 2) by the authorities of Virginia. 

11. Elections of I860.— The political contest of i860 
was looked to as a critical time. There were now fifteen 
slave States — namely, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North 
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Kentucky, Ten- 
nessee, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida, 
and Texas ; and there were eighteen free States — Maine, 
New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, 
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Min- 
nesota, and Oregon. The preponderance of the free States 
was likely to be soon increased by the admission of Kansas, 
which had already adopted an anti-slavery constitution, and 
by the formation of new communities in the Northwest ; 
and the rapid growth of the Republican party was an in- 
dication that the North was inflexibly opposed to any 
further extension of slave territory, 

12. There were four candidates for the Presidency. John 
C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky (then Vice-President), was 
nominated by the extreme Southern or pro-slavery party, 
Stephen A. Douglas by the more moderate Democrats, 
Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, by the Republicans, and John 



2i8 Abridged History of the United States. 

Bell, of Tennessee, by a small organization calling itself 
the Constitutional Union party. Mr. Lincoln was elected 
by a large majority, having all the free-State votes except 
three in New Jersey. 

13. Abraham Lincoln. — Abraham Lincoln was born in 

Kentucky, February 12, 
1809. His parents were 
poor, and he had little edu- 
cation except what he gave 
himself by hard study in the 
intervals of his work. He 
removed to Illinois while a 
young man, taught himself 
law, and was elected to the 
Legislature and Congress. 
He first won a national re- 
putation in 1858, when he 
and Mr, Douglas, being 
rival candidates for the 
United States Senate, can- 
vassed Illinois together, 
holding a public debate on 
the slavery question, which attracted the attention of the 
whole country. Mr. Douglas advocated his scheme of 
'^popular sovereignty," and Mr. Lincoln stated with great 
force the arguments for the prohibition of slavery in all the 
new Territories. 




Abraham Lincoln. 



QUESTIONS. 

I. What was the principal political question after the annexation 
of Texas ? 2. What occurred when California applied for admission ? 
3. What was Henry Clay's compromise ? 4. Wliat was the effect of 
the Fugitive Slave Law? 5, What was the Kansas-Nebraska bill? 
6. Why was it opposed at the North ? 7. What followed in Kansas? 
8. What was the Dred Scott decision ? 10. Give an account of John 
Brown. 11. How were the States divided in i860? 12. Who were 
the candidates for the Presidency in that year? Who was elected? 
13. Tell something about Abraham Lincoln. 



PART FIFTH. 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



CHAPTER XLVJII. 

Southern States Secede — The Confederacy Organized— Fort 
Sumter — Bull Run — The Neutral States — The Blockade 
AND the Navy — The Trent Affair. 

1. Secession. — The election of a President opposed to the 
extension of slavery was taken by the Southern leaders as a 
sufficient reason for breaking up the Union. South Carolina 
immediately called a convention, which, on the 20th of De- 
cember, i860, declared the union between South Carolina 
and the other States dissolved ; and Mississippi, Florida, 
Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas seceded in the 
course of the next six weeks. On the 4th of February, 
1 86 1, delegates met at Montgomery, Alabama, and organ- 
ized the new confederacy under the title of the Confede- 
rate States of America. Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was 
chosen temporary President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of 
Georgia, Vice-President. The next November they were 
both regularly elected for six years. 

2. Inauguration of President Lincoln. — Mr. Lincoln was 
inaugurated March 4, 1861. In his address he declared that 
he had neither the right nor the wish to interfere with slav- 
ery where it already existed ; that no State could rightfully 
secede ; and that he should enforce the laws of the Union 
in all the States to the best of his ability. This declaration 

agreed with the prevailing sentiment at the North. 

219 



2 20 Abridged History of^ the United States. 

3. Fort Sumter. — Little or no resistance had been made 
to the secessionists during the four months between the elec- 
tion and the close of Mr. Buchanan's term, but Mr. Lincoln 
at once prepared for serious measures. His first attempt 
was to reinforce Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbor, where 
Major Anderson, with a garrison of eighty men, still flew the 
national flag. Before the reinforcements could arrive the 
Confederate batteries opened fire on the fort, April 12, and 
on the 14th Major Anderson was obliged to abandon it and 
sail for New York. 

4. This was the beginning of the war. In the North 
there was a general uprising in defence of the Union, which 
until now the people had refused to believe in danger. In 
the South all the slave States speedily joined the Confed- 
eracy, except Delaware and Maryland, which were bound to 
the North by their geographical position, and Kentucky and 
Missouri, which wished to remain neutral. 

5. The day after the evacuation of Fort Sumter Mr. 
Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers (April 15), and early 
in May there was a further call for 42,000 volunteers and 
40,000 men for the regular army and navy. The full num- 
ber was obtained at once, and many more might have been 
accepted if the government had been able to arm them. 
On the other side the Confederate armies were recruited 
quite as easily as the Northern, and they were ably com- 
manded by Southern graduates of West Point, who resigned 
from the Federal army when their States seceded. 

6. Early Operations. — On the 19th of April a murderous 
attack upon Pennsylvania and Massachusetts troops, on their 
way to Washington, was made by a secessionist mob in the 
streets of Baltimore, and for some days the road to the 
capital through that city was closed to Northern troops. 

7. The important navy-yard at Norfolk, Virginia, being 
menaced by the Confederates, was evacuated by the officer 
in command, after an attempt, only partly successful, to de- 
stroy the ships, buildings, and stores. The Confederates 



The First Battle of BiUl Run. 221 



captured the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, worsted General But- 
ler in a small engagement at Big Bethel, near Fortress Mon- 
roe, and even caused some alarm for the safety of Washing- 
ton. On the other hand, McClellan and Rosecrans won a 
series of Union victories at Rich Mountain. Carrick's Ford, 
Carnifex Ferry, and other places in Western Virginia. 

8. The principal Federal army was stationed on the 
Virginia side of the Potomac, opposite Washington. It was 
intended for the advance upon I -chmond, the Confederate 
capital, and its commander was General Irvin McDowell. 
The Confederates had their main body at Manassas Junc- 
tion, about thirty miles in front of McDowell, and their 
commander was General Beauregard. They had another 
force, under General Joseph E. Johnston, near Winchester; 
but the Union General Patterson confronted this body with 
an army large enough to keep it in check. 

9. Bull Run.— McDowell's men began their march in 
good spirits, and on the 21st of July encountered the enemy 
near Bull Run, a small stream in front of the Confederate 
camp. The attack was well planned, and during the first 
part of the day the Union army was generally successful ; 
but late in the afternoon General Johnston, having eluded 
Patterson, came upon the field with his fresh troops, and 
fortune turned. McDowell's army, seized with a panic, fled 
m great disorder, having lost about 3,000 men, while the 
losses on the other side were 2,000. 

• 10. This disaster only stimulated the North to fresh ex- 
ertions. Congress authorized the enrollment of 500,000 vol- 
unteers and voted $500,000,000 for the expenses of the war. 
General McClellan, who had made a reputation in Western 
Virginia, was called to the command of the Army of the 
Potomac in place of McDowell, and soon afterward he be- 
came general-in-chief on the retirement of the aged and in- 
firm General Scott. 

11. McClellan spent eight or nine months organizing 
and drilling his army without offering battle. A detach- 



22 2 Abridged History of the United States. 

ment of his troops on the Upper Potomac was sent on a 
reconnoissance into Virginia under Colonel Baker, senator 
from Oregon, and, being attacked by the Confederates at 
Ball's Bluff, was disastrously defeated (October 21). Colonel 
Baker was among the killed. 

12. The Neutral States. — Although Missouri had de- 
clared itself neutral, a strong party, with which the gover- 
nor was acting, wished to carry it over to the Confederacy, 
and it soon became a theatre of war. During the summer 
and autumn the tide of battle swept back and forth across 
the State, Lyon (killed at Wilson's Creek, August 10), Si- 
gel, Fremont, Hunter, and Halleck commanding the Union 
forces, and Sterling Price and McCulloch distinguishing 
themselves on the other side. The heroic defence of Lex- 
ington by two thousand men of the Irish Brigade of Chi- 
cago, under Colonel James A. Mulligan, was one of the 
stirring incidents of this campaign. The Confederate armies 
were at last driven out and Missouri was saved to the Union. 

13. Neutral Kentucky was also kept in a condition of 
war. In September Leonidas Polk, Bishop of the Protestant 
Episcopal Church, having received a commission as major- 
general in the Confederate army, occupied Hickman and 
Columbus, towns on the Mississippi in Southwestern Ken- 
tucky. It was soon after this that Ulysses S. Grant, re- 
cently appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers, first came 
into notice by the capture of Belmont, in Missouri, opposite 
Columbus. 

14. The Blockade and the. Navy. — At the beginning of 
the war the President proclaimed a blockade of all the 
Southern ports (April 19) ; and to enforce this measure the 
most energetic efforts were made to increase the navy. 
Great numbers of merchant-vessels were bought and con- 
verted into men-of-war, and the blockade soon became so 
strict that foreign nations were obliged to respect it. The 
operations of the blockading fleet were aided by the 
capture of several of the Southern harbors. Commodore 



Naval Operations ; Foreign Relations. 22 



J 



Stringham and General Butler reduced the forts at Hatteras 
Inlet, commanding the entrance to Albemarle and Pamlico 
sounds (August 29), and Commodore Dupont took the forts 
at Port Royal Harbor, South Carolina, November 7. 

15. In spite of the Federal cruisers, several Confederate 
men-of-war and privateers got to sea and did much damage. 
The Siimter, under Captain Semmes, destroyed many mer- 
chant-ships, but was finally chased into Gibraltar by the 
United States man-of-war Tuscarora, and, being unable to 
evade that vessel, was there sold. Afterwards the Confede- 
rates obtained much better vessels, built expressly for them 
in England. 

16. Blockade-running became an active business with 
Englishmen, the headquarters of the contraband trade being 
established at the British port of Nassau, in the West Indies. 
By these operations the Confederates obtained arms and 
other supplies. Many of the vessels were caught and con- 
fiscated, but the profits on a successful voyage were so enor- 
mous that adventurers were ready to take the risk. 

17. Foreign Relations. — The Confederates were treated 
with marked favor by England and France, the governments 
of both which countries would have been glad to see the 
United States dismembered. The South counted upon their 
assistance, especially that of England, where the scarcity of 
cotton, in consequence of the blockade, caused distress in 
the factory-towns. Two Confederate commissioners, Messrs. 
Mason and Slidell, were despatched to London and Paris, 
escaping first to Cuba, and sailing thence in the British pas- 
senger-steamer Trent. 

18. On the 8th of November, 1861, Captain Charles Wilkes, 
of the United States frigate San Jacinto, stopped the Trent 
at sea and forcibly took off Messrs. Mason and Slidell and 
their secretaries. This action, which was illegal and unau- 
thorized, produced an angry excitement in England, and 
Lord Palmerston made a peremptory demand for the sur- 
render of the prisoners. 



2 24 Abridged Histoiy of the United States. 

19. The American government had already disavowed 
Captain Wilkes's act, and in an able paper the Secretary of 
State, Mr. Seward, showed that while it was justified by the 
British claim of the '' right of search," which led to the war 
of 1812, it was contrary to American principles, and must 
therefore be condemned. Messrs. Mason and Slidell were 
released and sent to England. 

20. Just before this occurrence President Lincoln request- 
ed two confidential agents to visit France and England, in 
order to help the cause of the Union and avert the danger 
of foreign war by their influence with the governments and 
persons of distinction. The persons selected for this deli- 
cate and important trust were Archbishop Hughes, of New 
York, and Mr. Thurlow Weed. They sailed in the beginning 
of November and rendered very valuable service, Mr. Weed 
in England and the archbishop in France. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. How was the result of the election regarded by the Southern 
leaders? What did South Carolina do? What States followed her 
example ? Where was the Confederacy organized ? Who were chosen 
President and Vice-President? 

2. What position did President Lincoln take in his inaugural ad- 
dress ? 

3. What occurred at Fort Sumter ? 

4. How did this affect the people North and South? 

5. What was the result of the first calls for volunteers ? 

6. What happened in Baltimore ? , 

7. What was done at Norfolk ? "* 

8. Where was the principal Federal army posted ? The Confederate? 

9. Describe the battle of Bull Run. 

10. Who was called to the command on the Potomac ? 

11. What was the affair at Ball's Bluff? 

12. What occurred in Missouri ? 

13. Who captured Belmont, in Missouri? 

14. How was the blockade enforced ? 

15. What is said of Confederate ships ? 

16. Of blockade-running? 

17. How were the Confederates treated abroad ? What was the 
feeling of the French and English governments? What Southern com- 
missioners were sent to Europe ? 

18. 19. Give an account of the Trent affair. 

20. What confidential agents were sent abroad by President Lincoln ? 



CHAPTER XLIX. 

Second Year of the War— Forts Henry and Donelson — Shiloh — 
Bragg and Buell in Kentucky — Bragg and Rosecrans— Cap- 
ture OF New Orleans — The Merrimac and the Monitor. 

1. The Second Year of the War. — At the beginning of 
1862 the number of men under arms, North and South, was 
not far from a miUion. The Confederates held possession of 
the Mississippi River from its mouth to the southern boun- 
dary of Kentucky, and a chain of strong positions extending 
thence through Tennessee and Kentucky to the border of 
Virginia. At the East they were in great force between the 
Potomac and the Rappahannock. 

2. The Federal government confronted them with a 
large army under General Halleck, whose headquarters were 
at St. Louis, a second under General Buell at Louisville, 
and the fine body of two hundred thousand men organ- 
ized by McClellan on the Potomac. Simon Cameron, 
who had been Secretary of War, resigned January 20, 
1862, and was succeeded by Edwin M. Stanton, a man 
of remarkable force, who held office during the rest of the 
war. 

3. Operations in the West. — President Lincoln ordered 

all the armies to advance simultaneously on Washington's 

birthday, February 22, but McClellan not being ready, 

this plan could not be strictly carried out. In the West, 

however, after General George H. Thomas, with a part of 

Buell's command, had gained an important victory at Mill 

Spring, Kentucky, a movement was made by General 

Grant, from Halleck's army, and Commodore Foote with 

a flotilla of gunboats, against the Confederate forts Henry 

and Donelson on the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers. 

225 



226 Abridged History of the United States, 

4. Fort Henry was reduced by the gunboats (February 6) 
before Grant arrived. Fort Donelson was a much stronger 
work and offered a more formidable resistance. The gun- 
boats could do little here on account of the height of the 
river-bank, but Grant pressed the land attack with such vigor 
that the garrison surrendered, February i6. These victories 
obliged the Confederates to give up the whole of Kentucky 
and most of Tennessee. 

5. Battle of Shiloh.— The Confederates retired to Corinth, 
Mississippi, where Grant and Buell prepared to attack them ; 
but before these generals could unite Grant was assailed by 
the enemy at Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh, on the Tennessee 
River, and a dreadful battle ensued, in which the Federal 
troops were driven back step by step to the edge of the 
river (April 6). Buell arrived in the course of the night, and 
the next morning the battle was renewed, ending in a com- 
plete Federal victory. The Confederate commander, Albert 
Sidney Johnston, was killed on the first day, and Beauregard 
took his place. 

6. Corinth. — Halleck now took command of the armies 
of Grant and Buell, and advanced slowly against Corinth, 
which he occupied May 30, Beauregard retiring without fight- 
ing. Commodore Foote in the meantime had taken the gun- 
boats into the Mississippi, and, with General Pope, had cap- 
tured a strong post called Island No. 10 ; and Captain C. H. 
Davis, after destroying a number of Confederate iron-clads, 
reduced Fort Pillow and Memphis. 

7. Campaign in Kentucky. — During the summer the Con- 
federates made a great effort to repair their disasters in Ken- 
tucky, and for this purpose they invaded the State with two 
armies. One, under Kirby Smith, advanced beyond Frank- 
fort and threatened Cincinnati, and the other, under Bragg, 
hastened towards Louisville. BuelL as soon as the object of 
Bragg was disclosed, left Nashville, and' by forced marches 
reached Louisville a day ahead of his adversary. There he 
obtained reinforcements, and the Confederates were forced 



Rosecrans s Operations; Capht7'e of New Orleans. 227 

to fall back. Bragg and Kirby Smith united at Frankfort, 
and on October 8 Buell fought a severe battle with them at 
Perryville. This put an end to the invasion of Kentucky ; 
but the government was dissatisfied, and Buell was presently 
relieved by Rosecrans. 

8. Operations of Rosecrans. — General Rosecrans, being 
in command at Corinth, had greatly distinguished himself 
there by two victories : the first over Price at luka, a few 
miles from that town, September 19 ; the second over a com- 
bined attack by Price and Van Dorn, October 4. 

9. Appointed to the Army of the Cumberland, he at- 
tacked Bragg at Stone River, near Murfreesboro, in Central 
Tennessee, December 31, and by his bravery and ability 
saved the day after it had been apparently lost. On the 
2d of January, 1863, Bragg renewed the battle, but was 
signally defeated and obliged to retire to Chattanooga, 
while Rosecrans fortified Murfreesboro as a depot of sup- 
plies. 

10. Capture of New Orleans. — While the Federal armies 
were slowly fighting their way down the Mississippi a fleet 
of forty-five ships, gunboats, and mortar-boats under Flag- 
Officer Farragut, and an army of 15,000 men under General 
Butler, ascended the river from the Gulf of Mexico to attack 
New Orleans. The principal Confederate defences which 
they had to encounter were the two strong forts, Jackson and 
St. Philip, seventy-five miles below the city. In front of Fort 
Jackson the river was closed by a line of hulks and heavy 
chains. 

11. After Captain David D. Porter, with the mortar- 
boats, had bombarded Fort Jackson for six days, Farra- 
gut bravely determined to run past the defences with the 
best vessels of his fleet. The chain barrier was cut, and 
before daylight on the 24th of April, 1862, the fleet moved 
slowly up the river, Farragut leading the way in the 
Hartford. The forts were passed under a tremendous can- 
nonade ; nearly all the Confederate fleet was destroyed pr 



228 Abridged History of the United States. 

captured ; and the next day Farragut appeared before New 
Orleans. 

12. The city was occupied by General Butler, the Con- 
federates having retired. The forts surrendered to Captain 
Porter. Farragut pushed up the river, took possession of 
Baton Rouge, the State capital, passed the Confederate bat- 
teries at Vicksburg, and met the gunboats of Captain Davis. 

13. Operations on the Coast. — The process of closing the 
Confederate forts continued during the spring, when General 
Burnside and Commodore Goldsborough captured Roanoke 
Island, February 8; Newbern, N. C, March 14; and Fort 
Macon, at Beaufort, N. C, April 25. Commodore Dupont 
occupied harbors in Georgia and Florida, and General Gill- 
more took Fort Pulaski, on the Savannah River, April 11, 
thus blocking the way to Savannah. 

14. The Merrimac and the Monitor. — When the Norfolk 
navy-yard was abandoned at the beginning of the war, the 
steam-frigate Merrimac was one of the vessels scuttled and 
sunk. The Confederates raised her and converted her into 
a ram, which they called the Virginia. Her deck and sides 
were covered with a slant roof of railroad iron, off which 
shot and shell rolled harmless. 

15. On the 8th of March^ 1862, this strange craft, looking 
like nothing ever seen before, came out of the Elizabeth 
River and headed for the Federal fleet in Hampton Roads. 
She sank the Cumberland by a blow with her armored ram, 
and drove the Congress ashore and burned her. At night 
she went back to Norfolk. 

16. The next morning she came out again to complete 
the work of destruction, and there appeared to be no way 
of saving the rest of the fleet. But before she reached the 
ships a still more curious vessel than the Merrimac ran out 
to meet her. This was the Monitor, a little iron-clad of a 
new design, invented by Captain John Ericsson, which had 
arrived during the night under command of Lieutenant Wor- 
den, this being her first voyage. She was iiQt more than one- 



Fight of the Monitor and Merrimac. 229 

fifth as large as her antagonist. Her hull was almost entirely 
under water, and on her deck she had a revolving, shot-proof 
turret of iron, with two enormous guns inside. The sailors 
called her "a cheese-box on a raft." 

17. The Monitor darted at the great Confederate vessel, 
and for five hours the battle went on, with great expendi- 
ture of powder, but with slight effect on either side. At 




Fight of the Iron-clads Monitor and Merrimac. 



last the Merrimac was disabled and returned to Norfolk. 
She never appeared again. This was the first battle ever 
fought between iron-clad ships, and the history of it was 
studied with great interest all over the world. A number of 
gunboats on the Monitor pattern were immediately construct- 
ed, and Ericsson's idea influenced the naval systems of all 
foreign nationg, 



230 Abridged History of the U?iited States. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How were the Confederates posted at the beginning of 1862? 

2. The Federal troops? What change was made in the Depart- 
ment of War ? 

3. What were the first movements in the West? 

4. Give an account of the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson. 

5. Of the battle of Shiloh. 

6. Of the march upon Corinth. Of the naval operations on the 
Mississippi. 

7. What did the Confederates attempt in Kentuck)'? How did 
Buell meet them? The result? Who succeeded Buell ? 

8. What had Rosecrans done at Corinth ? 

9 Give an account of the battles of Stone River. 

10. What expedition was sent against New Orleans? How was the 
city defended ? 

11. Describe the capture. 

12. Describe the further operations of Farragut? 

13. What was done on the coast? 

14. Describe the Merriniac. 

15. What did this vessel do in Hampton Roads? 

16. Describe the Moiiitot. 

17. The battle and its result. 



CHAPTER L. 

Second Year of the War, continued— McClellan on the Penin- 
sula—Pope IN Virginia— Second Battle of Bull Run— Inva- 
sion OF Maryland— Battle of Antietam— Battle of Fred- 
ericksburg. 

1. McClellan's Advance.— The course of affairs in Vir- 
ginia during the year 1862 was in strong contrast with the 
progress of the Federal arms at the West. General McClel- 
lan decided to march against Richmond by the peninsula 
between the James and York rivers ; and accordingly, hav- 
ing transported about 120,000 men to Fortress Monroe by 
water, he began his advance, April 4, over the ground made 
memorable by the surrender of Lord Cornwallis to General 
Washington. 

2. Delayed nearly a month by the task of reducing a line 
of defences which the Confederates had built across the pen- 
insula, he occupied Yorktown May 4, gained the battle of 
Williamsburg May 5, and advanced within seven miles of 
Richmond. Norfolk, threatened by General Wool, was 
evacuated by the Confederates, and the ram Merri7nac was 
blown up to prevent its falling into the hands of the Union 
forces. A panic broke out in Richmond, and the Confede- 
rate Congress adjourned in haste. 

3. In the meantime, however, a series of operations in the 
Shenandoah Valley, which lies between the Blue Ridge and 
the Alleghany Mountains, changed the face of affairs. That 
fertile valley was of great value to the Confederates, because 
it produced abundant food for their armies, and it was also 
an avenue by which they could reach the Potomac and 
threaten Washington. McClellan had sent a corps under 
General Banks into the Valley in February, and Banks suc- 
ceeded in pushing the enemy as far south as Harrisonburg, 

231 



2^2 Abridged History of the United States. 

the division of General Shields being especially distinguished 
in the advance. General Fremont now approached from the 
West, trying to unite with Banks. 

4. This was prevented by the brilliant movements of the 
Confederate General T. J. Jackson, popularly known as 
"Stonewall Jackson," because his troops at Bull Run were 
said to stand as firm as a stone-wall. He won a victory at 
Front Royal, May 23, drove Banks across the Potomac, 
checked Fremont at Cross Keys, June 8, and overpowered 
Shields at Port Republic. 

6. President Lincoln became alarmed for the safety of the 
capital, and detached McDowell's corps from McClellan's 
command, retaining it in front of Washington. Soon after- 
wards Halleck was called from the West to become general- 
in-chief, leaving McClellan only the Army of the Poto- 
mac. 

6. The Chickahominy. — On the 31st of May the Confede- 
rates attacked McClellan's left wing, which had been pushed 
across the Chickahominy at Fair Oaks and Seven Pines, and 
a battle ensued, lasting two days and memorable for heroism 
on both sides. The result was a Union victory. The Con- 
federate commander. General Joseph E. Johnston, was se- 
verely wounded, and the Army of Virginia was led by Gene- 
ral Robert E. Lee during the rest of the war. 

7. Lee was repulsed in an attack upon the Federal lines 
at Mechanicsville, June 26 ; but he fell upon them again at 
Gaines's Mill, or Cold Harbor, the next day, and drove 
them across the Chickahominy with great loss. His cavalry, 
under General Stuart, rode entirely around the Federal 
army and destroyed a quantity of stores at White House, 
on the Pamunkey, which was McClellan's base of sup- 
plies. 

8. The Seven Days' Battles. — McDowell had been ex- 
pected to advance by way of Fredericksburg and join Mc- 
Clellan's right ; but McDowell being retained at Washington 
on account of the defeat of Banks in the Valley, it became 



The Seven Days Battles. 



211 



evident that the Army of the Potomac could no longer keep 
up its communications with the York River on the right, and 
McClellan decided upon the difficult manoeuvre of changing 
his base to the James. 

9. This flank movement began on the night of the 28th 
and continued until July i, the troops marching all night and 




fighting all day, Lee attacking them at Golding's Farm, Sav- 
age'-s Station, White Oak Swamp, etc., and directing a heavy 
force against them at Malvern Hill, near the James, where, 
however, he was signally repulsed. This was the last of a 
series of engagements known as the " Seven Days' Battles," 



1^34 Abridged History of the United States. 

in the course of which McClellan lost over fifteen thousand 
men. Lee suffered ahnost as much. After the battle of Mal- 
vern Hill McClellan fell back to Harrison's Landing, on the 
James, and fortified himself in a strong position where the 
gunboats could protect him. 

10. Abandonment of the Peninsula. — General Pope had 
been called from the West and placed in command of the 
troops in front of Washington, consisting of the corps of 
McDowell, Banks, and Fremont. But Pope and McClellan 
were now so posted that neither could help the other. 
McClellan was consequently ordered to abandon the Pen- 
insula and transfer his whole army by boats to the Poto- 
mac. 

11. The Second Battle of Bull Run. — Lee made the most 
of this opportunity to attack Pope. He defeated Banks at 
Cedar Mountain, August 9, and pressed forward toward Wash- 
ington, Pope falling back as he advanced, and trying to hold 
the enemy in check by continual fighting until McClellan 
should arrive. The ground was stubbornly contested ; but 
Stonewall Jackson succeeded in reaching Pope's rear through 
an undefended pass in the Bull Run Mountains, and threat- 
ened to cut him off from Washington. 

12. From the 26th of August to the ist of September 
there was an almost uninterrupted battle, a part of the fighting 
taking place on the old field of Mana=;sas, and being known 
as the second battle of Bull Run. Portions of McClellan's 
force arrived during these critical days and were placed un- 
der Pope, but Pope complained that some of them did not 
properly support him. In an engagement at Chantilly, Sep- 
tember I, the Confederates were repulsed ; but Pope was now 
greatly outnumbered, and, having lost about thirty thousand 
men and a quantity of guns and stores, he retreated to the 
defences of Washington, General McClellan, whose popu- 
larity with the soldiers was unbounded, was again placed in 
charge of the Army of the Potomac. 

13. Invasion of Maryland. — Lee now disregarded Wash- 



Battles of Ant let am ajid Fredericksburg. 235 

ington, and, moving further up the Potomac, crossed 
into Maryland at Leesburg, while Jackson proceeded still 
higher up the river and captured Harper's Ferry. Mc- 
Clellan pushed between Jackson and Lee, and defeated the 
latter at South Mountain, September 14, but the Confederate 
leader secured his communication with Jackson by falling 
back. 

14. Battle of Antietam. — The Confederates united at 
Sharpsburg, Maryland, on a little stream called the Antie- 
tam, which flows into the Potomac, and there a severe battle 
was fought, September 17, 1862, Lee having about 40,000 
men engaged, and McClellan 57,000. The fighting lasted all 
day, with a loss of over 12,000 on the Union side, and proba- 
bly as many on the other. At the close of the slaughter each 
army held its own ground, but neither was in a condition to 
renew the struggle next day, and Lee retired and recrossed 
the Potomac. 

15. The invasion was thus repelled, but the President was 
dissatisfied with General McClellan's management of the cam- 
paign, and in November replaced him by General Burnside. 
The new commander moved at once towards Richmond, 
crossed the Rappahannock at Fredericksburg, and on the 
13th of December assailed the heights back of that town, 
where Lee with 80,000 men awaited him behind earthworks 
and a thick stone wall. 

16. Battle of Fredericksburg. — It was in vain that Burn- 
side's gallant soldiers stormed the hill ; the enemy's artillery 
never failed to sweep away the heads of the columns before 
they could reach the top. The most formidable of the posi- 
tions was the stone wall. The Irish brigade of Meagher as- 
sailed that no fewer than six times, going into the battle with 
twelve hundred men, and losing more than nine hundred of 
them. At night Burnside found himself everywhere repulsed. 
He had lost about twelve thousand men ; the army was de- 
moralized ; and retreating to the north side of the river, he 
was replaced by General Hooker. 



236 Abridged History of the United States, 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What was General McClellan's plan of campaign? 

2. Describe his advance. What occurred at Norfolk ? 

3. Why was the Shenandoah Valley important to the Confederates ? 
What did General Banks undertake there? 

4. How was Banks defeated? 

5. What was the effect at Washington ? 

6. Give an account of the battle of Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines. 
Who now became the Confederate commander? 

7. What did Lee accomplish in the next engagements? 

8. How were McClellan's movements affected by the withholding 
of McDowell's corps? 

9. Give an account of the Seven Days Dattles. 

10. What change of plan was ordered by the government? 

11. What did Lee do ? How did Pope meet him ? 

12. Describe Pope's Virginia campaign. 

13. What was Lee's next move ? 

14. Give an account of the battle of Antietam. 

15. Who succeeded McClellan ? What was his plan? 

16. Describe the battle of Fredericksburg. Who succeeded Burn- 
side ? 



CHAPTER LL 

Third Year of the War — Chancellorsville — Gettysburg — VickS' 
BURG — The Draft — Chickamauga — Chattanooga — Confederate 
Cruisers. 

1. Emancipation. — After the battle of Antietam President 
Lincoln made proclamation that the slaves would be declared 
free in all States which did not return to the Union by the 
close of the year. In accordance with this promise he issued 
on the I St of January, 1863, his Proclamation of Emancipa- 
tion, in which he declared all slaves in the States or parts of 
States " in rebellion against the United States " to be hence- 
forth for ever free. 

2. Battle of Chancellorsville.— General Hooker, after re- 
organizing and strengthening the Army of the Potomac, be- 
gan a fresh advance towards Richmond with 120,000 men. 
He crossed the Rappahannock above and below Fredericks- 
burg, and met Lee at Chancellorsville, about five miles from 
the scene of Burnside's defeat. Lee had not more than half 
as many men as Hooker, but the position was greatly in his 
favor. 

3. The battle lasted all through the 2d and 3d of May. 
On the Federal left Sedgwick carried the Fredericksburg 
Heights, and was pushing on successfully when Stonewall 
Jackson surprised the right wing, put most of it to flight, and 
enabled Lee to turn the main body of the Confederate army 
upon Sedgwick, who was at last compelled to withdraw by 
night. Hooker recrossed the Rappahannock with a loss of 
17,000 men. The Confederates sustained a severe misfor- 
tune in the death of Jackson, wlio was shot through mistake 
by some of his own troops. • 

4. Battle of Gettysburg. — Lee now repeated the manoeuvre 
he had practised after the defeat of Pope, and hastened with 

237 



238 Abridged Histoiy of the United States. 



all his force to invade the North. He entered Pennsylvania 
through the Shenandoah Valley, and advanced as far as 
Chambersburg, threatening not only Washington but Balti- 
more and Philadelphia. Hooker moved in the same direc- 
tion, keeping between Lee and the Federal capital. On the 
28th of June Hooker was replaced in command of the Army 
of the Potomac by General George G. Meade. 

5. The hostile armies, each nearly 100,000 strong, met 
near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on the ist of July, Meade 
taking a formidable position on a line of hills, and awaiting 
his adversary's attack. The battle, which lasted three days, 
was one of the fiercest of the w^hole war, and it was not until 
the close of July 3 that, by the repulse of a desperate Con- 
federate charge. General Meade made safe his victory. He 
had lost 23,000 men, and Lee 40,000. On the 4th of July Lee 
retreated to the Potomac. This was the turning-point of the 
war. The South was never able to collect so fine an army 
again, and never recovered from the exhaustion of the Get- 
tysburg campaign. 

6. General Grant in the West. — On the very day of Lee's 
retreat General Grant gained a decisive victory on the Missis- 
sippi. He had been trying for several months to take Vicks- 
burg, the principal Confederate stronghold on the river, situ- 
ated on a high bluff on the 'east bank. Foiled in all his at- 
tempts from the north side, and unable, on account of the 
nature of the country, to swing his army around from the 
north side to the east, or rear of the town, he crossed the 
Mississippi and marched down the west bank to Bruinsburg. 
There, with the aid of Commodore Porter's fleet, which had 
run the batteries, he recrossed to the Vicksburg side far be- 
low the city. 

7. This was a daring movement, for it separated Grant 
from all his bases of supplies and obliged him to live on the 
country. General Joseph E. Johnston was, moreover, ap- 
proaching from the East with an army for the relief of Vicks- 
burs;, and the garrison, under Pemberton, was marching out 



Fall of Vicksburg; Battle of Chickamauga. 239 

to meet him. After defeating the Confederates at Port Gib- 
son, Grant threw himself between these two armies, beat 
Johnston badly at Jackson, and then inflicted two defeats 
upon Pemberton, who was driven back into Vicksburg. 

8. Two assaults upon the defences having failed, a regular 
siege began which lasted forty-five days. At the end of that 
time, being out of provisions and fearing an assault, Pember- 
ton surrendered with 27,000 prisoners, July 4, 1863. Port 
Hudson, another strong place on the Mississippi, surrendered 
to General Banks four days later, and from this time the 
Union forces controlled the whole river, the Confederacy 
being thus cut in two. 

9. The Draft Riots. — As early as April, 1862, the Con- 
federate Congress had passed a conscription act, enrolling 
in the army all adult white males below a certain age. In 
March, 1863, the United States Congress passed a some- 
what similar act. A draft under this law took place in 
New York City in July, just after the battle of Gettysburg, 
and was followed by a riot, which lasted four days (July 
13-16), and resulted in a number of shocking murders and 
the destruction of J2, 000,000 worth of property. There 
were riots also in Boston, Jersey City, and other places. 

10. . Battle of Chickamauga. — After his brilliant victory 
near Murfreesboro in January, Rosecrans remained quiet for 
some time, preparing a new campaign. In June he ad- 
vanced, and, compelling Bragg to evacuate Middle Tennes- 
see, followed him into Georgia. There Bragg, having been 
heavily reinforced, turned to give battle at Chickamauga 
Creek. The first day's engagement, September 19, 1863, 
was indecisive ; but on the 20th the Confederates gained 
a clear victory. The right wing of the Union army was 
routed, and only the stubborn resistance of Thomas on the 
left prevented the disaster from becoming general. Bragg, 
however, was unable to follow up his advantage, and Rose- 
crans retired unmolested to Chattanooga. 

J.1. Grant at Chattanoog^a. — Rosecrans was superseded in 



240 Abridged History of the United States. 

command of the Army of the Cumberland in October by 
General Thomas, and Grant, having been placed in charge 
of all the armies in the West, proceeded to Chattanooga to 
take personal direction of the operations at that important 
place. He was joined by Sherman from the West, and 
Hooker with two corps from the Army of the Potomac. 

12. Bragg menaced the Union position from two paral- 
lel ranges called Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. 
Grant determined to take them both by assault. Hooker 
carried Lookout Mountain by storm, November 24, part of 
the fighting taking place in the midst of a thick mist, whence 
this is called "the battle above the clouds." The next day 
Missionary Ridge was scaled by the main army, Bragg re- 
treating into Georgia, where he was soon afterwards relieved 
of his command. An important result of Grant's victory was 
the raising of the siege of Knoxville, where General Burnside 
had been making a gallant defence against Longstreet. 

13. Charleston. — Many attempts had been made to re- 
duce Charleston. An attack by a fleet of iron-clads under 
Commodore Dupont was beaten off April 7, 1863, and an as- 
sault upon Fort Wagner, on Morris Island, was repulsed in 
July. General Gillmore finally took Fort Wagner, September 
7, after a bombardment from heavy batteries planted in the 
marshes, as well as from Commodore Dahlgren's fleet. Fort 
Sumter was reduced to ruins, and the blockading ships were 
able to enter the harbor, but no attempt was made to occupy 
the city. 

14. Confederate Cruisers. — With the aid of the British 
government the Confederate authorities succeeded in fitting 
out several formidable cruisers, vi'hich in the course of the 
year 1863 did enormous damage to Northern commerce. 
The Florida, built at Liverpool, ran the blockade into Mo- 
bile, and issued from that port in January, 1863. She cap- 
tured twenty-one vessels, and was then seized in the harbor 
of Bahia, Brazil (October, 1864). 

J$. The mp^t important of the cruisers was the Alal^ama^ 



operations of Confederate Criiisers. 241 

built at Liverpool for Captain Semmes after the sale of the 
Siwiter. She put to sea in July, 1863. After destroying 
more than sixty vessels the Alabaina challenged the United 
States war steamer Kearsarge^ Captain Winslow, to fight her 
off the harbor of Cherbourg, France — an invitation which 
was gladly accepted. The two ships were fairly matched, 
but Captain Winslow had the better gunners, and after an 
action of about an hour the Alabama was sunk. Captain 
Semmes and many of his crew being picked up by an Eng- 
lish yacht, while nearly all the rest were rescued by the Kear- 
sarge (June 19, 1864). 

16. By the operations of these cruisers, which obtained all 
their supplies, etc., in British ports, the foreign shipping 
trade of the United States was almost ruined, and what this 
country lost the English ship-owners secured. The unlawful 
conduct of Great Britain in this matter was long a cause of 
bad feeling between the two countries. The matter was at 
last settled by England's paying to the United States fifteen 
and a half million dollars in satisfaction of the ''^Alabama 
claims." (See p. 255.) 

17. In June of this year the western counties of Virginia, 
which had refused to join the Southern Confederacyj were 
admitted into the Union as the State of West Virginia. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. What important proclamation was issued b}'- President Lincoln? 
What is the date of Emancipation ? 

2. What was Hooker's plan ? 

* 3. Describe the battle. What celebrated general was killed? 

4. What was Lee's next movement ? What change occurred in the 
Army of the Potomac? 

5. Where did the two armies meet? Give an account of the battle. 
The date? The consequences? 

6. What was happening at the same time in the West? What was 
Grant's plan at Vicksburg? 

7. 8. Describe the campaign and its result. 
9. What disorciers occurred at the North? 



242 Abridged History of the United States. 

10. What movement did Rosecrans undertake in Tennessee ? Give 
an account of the battle of Chickamauga and its sequel. 

11. What changes of command were now made? 

12. Describe the situation at Chattanooga. The battle. 

13. What attempts were made upon Charleston? How was the port 
finall)^ closed ? 

14. How did the Confederates obtain vessels of war? 

15. Which was the most important of these cruisers? Give her 
history. 

16. How did Great Britain profit by these ships? 

17. How was the State of West Virginia formed? 



CHAPTER LII. 

Fourth Year of the War — Grant in Command of all the Armies — 
His Advance tow^ards Richmond — The Wilderness — Peters- 
burg — Early and Sheridan — Sherman's Atlanta Campaign — 
Thomas at Nashville — The March to the Sea — Farragut 
AT Mobile — Fort Fisher— Re-election of President Lincoln. 

1. Reorganization of the Armies. — In the spring of 1864 
an important change was made in the war policy of the 
Federal government. So much had been lost by the faihire 
of the various generals to co-operate with one another that 
it was determined to place General Grant in control of all 
the military operations of the United States, with the rank 
of lieutenant-general, never held before by any one in this 
country except Washington, although Scott had been lieu- 
tenant-general by brevet. Halleck remained at Washington 
with the title of chief of staff of the army. 

2. The three Western armies, of the Ohio, the Cumber- 
land, and the Tennessee, were now united under the com- 
mand of Sherman, while Grant took personal direction of 
the campaign against Richmond, Meade retaining the im- 
mediate command of the Army of the Potomac. In a con- 
ference with Sherman, Grant arranged the plans for a simul- 



Battles of the Wilde7^ness, 243 

taneous advance in the East and the West, to be made 
about the ist of May. 

3. The Wilderness.— The Army of the Potomac crossed 
the Rapidan May 4, 1864, and found itself on the edge of 
a table-land called the Wilderness, covered with a thick 
growth of bushes and small trees, a short distance west of 
the battle-field of Chancellorsville. It was Grant's object 
to push through this difficult country as rapidly as possible, 
and Lee's object to attack him incessantly while he was 
still entangled in the labyrinth of the woods. 

4. The battles began on the 5th and continued without 
interruption till the 12th, both sides fighting like heroes 
and suffering severely, but Lee being slowly forced back or 
outflanked, and so compelled to retreat little by little. On 
the 9th Grant was clear of the Wilderness and concentrated 
near Spottsylvania Court-House. Here the most furious 
and obstinate fighting raged with little intermission during 
ten days. Grant, who had lost nearly twenty thousand 
men in the Wilderness, lost ten thousand more here, and 
among the killed was the commander of the Sixth Corps, 
General Sedgwick, a brave and thorough soldier. Lee's 
losses, however, had also been severe. General Hancock's 
corps alone taking seven thousand prisoners and twenty-one 
pieces of artillery ; and Lee was much less able to bear 
such losses than Grant. 

5. On the nth Grant had telegraphed to Washing- 
ton : " I propose to fight it out on this line, if it takes 
all summer." He continued, in spite of repeated repulses, 
to move to the left and try again. At the end of May 
he had reached McClellan's old battle-ground near the 
Chickahominy. There he fought two severe battles at 
Cold Harbor. In the second of these (June 3) Colonel 
McMahon, at the head of a New York regiment, succeeded 
in planting his colors inside the Confederate works, when 
he was killed. In twenty minutes the army was hurled 
back with the loss of ten thousand men. 



244 Abridged History of the United States, 

6. Grant now crossed the Chickahominy, and, moving 
far to the right of his adversary, transferred his army be- 
yond the James to assail Richmond from the south. This 
involved the reduction of the strongly-fortified town of 
Petersburg, on the Appomattox, practically a part of the 
defences of Richmond, from which it is twenty miles dis- 
tant- 

7. Siege of Petersburg. — Reinforced, so that his army 
now amounted to 150,000 men, Grant crossed the James, 
and in conjunction with General Butler made three attempts 
(June 15, 16, and 18) to carry Petersburg by assault. These 
trials failed, and cost the Federal commander ten thousand 
men. A battle a few days later on the Federal left, where 
Grant endeavored to seize the railroad running south from 
Richmond and Petersburg to Weldon, resulted in the loss 
of four thousand men with little compensating advantage. 
An attempt to capture one of the Confederate forts by 
exploding a mine under it, and throwing an assaulting 
column into the chasm, was a terrible failure (July 30). All 
through the summer the fighting continued at various parts 
of the line, and when Grant at last desisted from these 
bloody assaults and settled down to a regular siege, the 
losses of his army (from the crossing of the Rapidan in May 
to the end of October) reached the enormous total of 100,000 
men, while Lee had lost about 40,000, 

8. Early's Invasion. — Lee tried to loosen Grant's hold 
upon Petersburg by sending General Early into the Shenan- 
doah Valley with a strong force. Hunter was defeated and 
driven out of the Valley, and Early crossed into Maryland, 
July 5, approaching within a few miles of Baltimore and 
Washington. 

9. These cities were too well defended to tempt an at- 
tack, and Early returned to the Valley, carrying off a great 
many horses and cattle. At Winchester he turned and de- 
feated a pursuing force under General Crook, July 23, the 
gallant General Mulligan, famous for his defence of Lex- 



Campaigns of Sheridan and Sherman. 245 



ington in 1861 (see page 222), being among the killed. Then 
Early crossed into Maryland again, entered Pennsylvania, 
and burned the town of Chambersburg. 

10. Sheridan in the Valley.— General Sheridan was now 
sent into the Valley by General Grant with 30,000 troops. 
He defeated Early at Winchester, September 19, and at 
Fisher's Hill, September 21, and swept the whole Valley, 
destroying all the crops which he could not use, burning 
the barns and mills, and carrying off the stock. This devas- 
tation was ordered to prevent the Confederates from making 
any further use of the Valley as a source of supplies. 

11. On October 19 Early, having obtained reinforce- 
ments, fell upon the Union troops at Cedar Creek, driving 
them in great confusion. Sheridan was at Winchester when 
this happened. Hearing the guns, he reached the field by 
hard riding in time to restore his lines and change the de- 
feat into a victory. Early's army was practically broken up. 

12. Sherman's Atlanta Campaign. — In accordance with 
Grant's plan for an advance of the Eastern and Western 
armies simultaneously, Sherman, with 100,000 men under 
Thomas, McPherson, and Schofield, started from Chatta- 
nooga May 7, three days after Grant's crossing of the 
Rapidan. His first object was the capture of Atlanta, 
Georgia, a very strongly fortified place about one hundred 
miles south of Chattanooga, important as a railroad centre 
and as the chief manufactory of Confederate military sup- 
plies. 

13. Opposed to him were about 60,000 troops under 
Joseph E. Johnston, one of the very ablest of the Southern 
generals. Unwilling to risk a great battle with his inferior 
force, Johnston took adroit advantage of all the defensive 
positions which the country afforded, and fought when 
favorable opportunities offered, while Sherman with equal 
skill repeatedly turned his flanks and compelled him to 
fall back. By the loth of July Johnston was behind the 
defences of Atlanta. 



246 Abridged History of the United States. 



14. The campaign reflected great credit upon both com- 
manders, but the Confederate government was dissatisfied 
with Johnston's cautious movements, and replaced him by 
Hood. Hood attacked Sherman with great spirit, July 20 
and 26, but failed, and sacrificed thirteen thousand men in 
the fruitless assaults. At length, by a masterly movement, 
Sherman transferred almost his whole army to the rear of 
Atlanta, cutting Hood's forces in two. This obliged the 
Confederates, after some sharp fighting, to retreat in all 
haste, and Sherman entered Atlanta, September 2. 

15. Hood and Thomas. — Sherman now prepared to carry 
out the second part of his plan, which was a bold march 
through the very heart of the South. Hood tried to counter- 
act the movement by marching north into Teimessee ; but 
Grant had foreseen just this expedient, and Thomas, with 
the Army of the Tennessee, was sent to meet the expected 

invasion. Hood advanced 
towards Nashville, fighting 
an engagement, November 
30, with General Schofield 
at Franklin, where the Con- 
federates lost six thousand 
men. Among their killed 
was General Patrick Cle- 
burne, called " the Stone- 
wall Jackson of the West," 
an Irishman who had been 
a private in the. British 
[ army, and who won a great 
reputation as a daring hard 
fighter. 

16. When Hood reached 
Nashville his command was 
reduced to about forty thousand men, while General Thomas, 
who awaited him there behind the fortifications, was rapidly 
increasing his forces, so that, although they had been greatly 




George H. Thomas. 



The March to the Sea. 



247 



inferior to Hood's at the beginning, the two armies were now 
nearly equal. 

17. Thomas delayed, in spite of the urgency of General 
Grant, until his army was well prepared to strike. Then, on 
the 15th of December, he suddenly fell upon the Confede- 
rate lines, and in a two days' battle completely overthrew 
Hood's army and put the demoralized fragments to flight. 

18. The March to the Sea — In the meanwhile General 




^f'AIonticello 



K E N IT U C K YJ.^dm 



Sherman, burning Atlanta, destroying the railroads and tele- 
graphs in his rear, and sending back the sick and wounded 
and much of the baggage, began (November 14) his famous 
march to the sea. He was to break off all his connections 
with the North, and when he started he did not know where 
he should come out. His army, sixty-five thousand strong, 
was spread out over a breadth of forty miles, and moved with 
difficulty over deep roads and through dense swamps, sub- 



248 Abridged History of the U?iited States. 

sisting on the produce of the country, and followed by long 
trains of captured cotton and stores and thousands of fugi- 
tive slaves. There was little fighting. The Confederates 
had numerous bodies of troops which might have been con- 
centrated to oppose the march, but Sherman's dispositions 
were so artfully made that they never could tell which way 
he was going. 

19. For four weeks nothing was heard of him at the 
North. At last, when the country had become very uneasy, 
he appeared near Savannah and attacked Fort McAllister. 
This work was taken by assault December 13. Gunboats 
now came up the river, and on the 20th Savannah was evacu- 
ated, Sherman sending the news of the capture to President 
Lincoln as a '^ Christmas gift." The spoils of Savannah in- 
cluded one hundred and fifty heavy guns and twenty-five 
thousand bales of cotton. 

20. The War on the Coast. — The only important ports, 
except Galveston, that remained open to the Confederates in 
the summer of this year were Mobile in Alabama and Wil- 
mington in North Carolina. The entrance to Mobile Bay 
was defended by two formidable fortifications, besides a num- 
ber of batteries. Farragut, with a fleet of eighteen vessels, 
fought his way past the forts, captured the iron-plated ram 
Tennessee, and, after a spirited engagement, obliged the de- 
fences to surrender to General Granger's co-operating troops 
(August 5, 1864). During the battle Farragut was tied in 
the rigging of his flag-ship, the Haj'tford, so that he could see 
and direct everything. The port of Mobile was now entirely 
closed. 

21. The approach to Wilmington was commanded by 
Fort Fisher, at the mouth of Cape Fear River. A combined 
attack by Commodore Porter's fleet and troops under Gene- 
ral Butler in December failed ; but a stronger force under 
General Terry, with Porter's sailors and marines, carried the 
fort by assault January 16, 1865. The next month Wilming- 
ton was captured by General Schofield. 



President Li7icohi i^e-elected. 249 

22. Re-election of President Lincoln. — The presidential 
election took place in November, 1864, and Mr. Lincoln was 
chosen for a second term by a very large majority, with An- 
drew Johnson, of Tennessee, as Vice-President. The candi- 
dates of the Democrats were General McClellan and Mr. 
Pendleton, of Ohio. 



QUESTIONS. 



1. What military change was made in the spring of 1864? 

2. How were the commands distributed ? 

3. What sort of country was the Army of the Potomac obliged to 
cross ? What was Lee's policy ? 

4. Describe the battles of the Wilderness. What occurred near 
Spottsylvania Court-House ? 

5. At Cold Harbor? 

6. To what point was the attack on Richmond now shifted ? 

7. Describe the first operations. What were the losses of each side 
during six months? 

8. What happened in the Shenandoah Valley? How far did Gene- 
ral Early go ? 

g. What were Early's next movements ? 

10. What did Sheridan do in the Valley? 

11. Give an account of " Sheridan's Ride." 

12. What was the first object of Sherman's advance at the West? 

13. How was he opposed ? 

14. What is said of the campaign ? How was Atlanta taken ? 

15. What was Sherman's next purpose ? What was Hood's plan ? 
How was Hood taken care of? 

16^ 17. Describe Thomas's operations at Nashville. 

18. What was the plan of Sherman's "March to the Sea"> How 
was the march conducted ? 

ig. Where was Sherman first heard of? How long had his where- 
abouts been unknown ? What occurred at Savannah ? What '' Christ- 
mas gift " did Sherman send to the President ? 

20. Describe the battle of Mobile Bay. 

21. Describe the attacks upon Fort Fisher. 

22. What was the result of the presidential election of 1864 ? 



CHAPTER Llir. 

Sherman in the Carolinas — Fall of Richmond — End of the 
War — Assassination of the President. 

1. Sherman Marches North. — After resting a month at 
Savannah, Sherman started northward February i, 1865, to 
co-operate with Grant. He seized Columbia, South Caro- 
lina, forced the evacuation of Charleston, and reached Fay- 
etteville. North Carolina, without serious opposition. By this 
time, however, a considerable force under General Johnston 
had been collected in his front, and near Fayetteville there 
was a sharp engagement. At Goldsborough, North Carolina, 
Sherman was joined by Schofield and Terry from Wilming- 
ton. Halting his army there, to be refitted, he took a steamer 
for the James River, where he met the President and General 
Grant and arranged further plans. 

2. Last Battles before Richmond. — The situation of Lee 
had become desperate. Sheridan had again defeated Early 
and destroyed Lee's communications in ■ the rear of Rich- 
mond ; Grant was pressing the siege of Petersburg with 
great vigor ; the victorious Sherman was approaching from 
the South ; and the Confederacy had used up all its resources 
and called out its last man. Lee's only hope was to cut his 
way out of Richmond and unite with Johnston in North 
Carolina. With this purpose he made a severe attack upon 
Grant's lines at Fort Steedman, east of Petersburg, March 25, 
expecting that the besieging army would be obliged to con- 
centrate there to resist him, when he intended to break 
through at another place and to combine with Johnston 
in crushing Sherman. The movement failed, and Lee was 
repulsed with heavy loss. 

3. On the 29th Grant began a general advance upon the 
Confederate positions before Petersburg. It continued with 



Fall of Richmond ; Surre?ider of Lee. 251 



some interruptions until the 2d of April. Sheridan, on the 
extreme left, gained a decisive and hard-won victory at Five 
Forks, April i, practically demolishing Lee's right wing. 
The Confederate lines in two other places were carried by 
assault the next morning. Lee saw that it was no longer 
possible to hold either Petersburg or Richmond, and accord- 
ingly telegraphed to President Davis on Sunday morning, 
April 2, that the capital must be evacuated the same evening. 

4. Fall of Richmond.— The Confederate authorities has- 
tened to escape to Danville with what little they could carry, 
first setting fire to the 
shipping, tobacco ware- 
houses, etc., at Richmond, 
and Lee retreated towards 
Lynchburg, still hoping to 
effect a junction there with 
Johnston. The Federal 
troops occupied Petersburg 
on the 3d, and entered 
Richmond the same day. 

5. Surrender of Lee. — 
No time was wasted in 
celebrations of the victory. 
Grant pursued Lee with 
all speed. He had so dis- 
posed the Federal army 
that escape was almost im- 
possible. Sheridan pushed out to the left, severed Lee's 
communications with Danville, and intercepted his provision- 
trains. Crook, Custer, and Wright cut off General Ewell 
and his whole corps, forcing them to surrender. Custer, under 
Sheridan's orders, captured the Confederate supplies again 
near Appomattox Court- House. On the 7th General Grant, 
reminding General Lee of the hopelessness of further resist- 
ance, asked him to lay down his arms, and April 9, 1865, the 
Confederate commander, finding his last avenue of retreat 




Robert E. Lee. 



252 Abridged History of the United States. 

blocked up, proposed an interview to discuss the terms of 
surrender. The two generals met at Appomattox the same 
day. The surrender was promptly agreed to. Lee took an 
affectionate farewell of his officers and men, and the prison- 
ers, twenty-eight thousand in number (only eight thousand of 
whom had arms), were released on parole. 

6. Surrender of Johnston. — Sherman had begun to press 
Johnston when news arrived of the surrender of Lee. John- 
ston thereupon capitulated April 26. All the other Confede- 
rate forces in the field speedily did the same, and the great 
civil war came to an end with enthusiastic rejoicings all over 
the North. Jefferson Davis, while trying to escape, was cap- 
tured by a detachment of General James H. Wilson's cavalry 
at Irwinsville, Georgia, and was sent to Fortress Monroe, and 
long confined there a close prisoner on charge of treason. 
He was at last liberated on bail furnished by Horace Greeley 
and others, and all proceedings against him were finally 
abandoned. 

7. Cost of the War in Men. — At the close of the war the 
Federal armies numbered 1,000,000 men, of whom about 
600,000 were present in the field. The number of Confede- 
rate soldiers surrendered and paroled was 174,000, besides 
whom there were 63,000 prisoners then in the hands of the 
Federals. The whole number of men who served on the 
Federal side during the war was about a million and a half; 
96,000 were killed, 184,000 died of disease while in the ser- 
vice ; many thousands more died of wounds or sickness after 
leavinor the service. The Confederates had about six hun- 
dred thousand men in the field, and about half of them lost 
their lives by wounds or disease. Almost the entire Southern 
population was reduced to poverty. 

8. Assassination of President Lincoln. — In the midst of 
the rejoicings over the capture of Richmond a crime was 
committed at Washington which sent a thrill of horror 
through all civilized countries. President Lincoln was mur- 
dered fit the theatre, on the evening of April 14, 1865, by 



Assassination of President Lincoln. 253 

an actor named J. Wilkes Booth, who entered the box iin- 
perceived and shot Mr. Lincohi through the head, crying, 
" The South is avenged." Almost at the same time one of 
Booth's accomplices, named Payne, forced his way into the 
sick-room of Mr. Seward, the Secretary of State, stabbed 
him repeatedly, and severely wounded several members of 
the family. Both the assassins escaped for the time, but 
they were soon caught. Booth was killed in resisting ar- 
rest. Payne and three others were hanged, and several 
persons concerned in the plot were sentenced to imprison- 
ment. Mr. Seward recovered. Andrew Johnson, the Vice- 
President, took the oath of office as chief executive. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. Describe Sherman's march North. 

2. What was the situation of General Lee ? What was his plan ? 

3. Describe Grant's final advance. What was the result ? 

4. When was Richmond occupied ? 

5. What is the date of Lee's surrender? Where did it take place ? 
How many men had he? 

6. What became of Johnston's army ? Of Jefferson Davis ? 

7. Tell something about the cost of the war in men. 

8. Give an account of the assassination of the President. 



PART SIXTH, 



THE UNION RESTORED. 



CHAPTER LIV. 

End of Slavery — Reconstruction — Impeachment of President 
Johnson — Presieent Grant — The Treaty of Washington — 
The Centenary of Independence— President Hayes — Presi- 
dent Garfield — President Arthur — President Cleveland. 

1. The End of Slavery. — To supplement and confirm 
President Lincoln's military proclamation freeing the slaves 
in the insurgent States, the thirteenth Amendment to the 
Constitution was proposed by Congress, submitted to the 
States, adopted by the required three-fourths, and proclaimed 
as part of the fundamental law in December, 1865. It de- 
clared slavery for ever abolished in the entire Union. Thus 
a great evil was removed, and the South soon learned to 
accept the change as a blessing. 

2. Reconstruction. — With respect to the manner of re- 
storing the Southern States to their place and power in the 
Union, a quarrel soon arose between President Johnson 
and Congress, and the President separated himself from the 
Republican party. A law, called the " Tenure-of-Office Act," 
was passed to prevent his removing civil officers without 
the consent of the Senate (March, 1867). He removed Mr. 
Stanton, Secretary of War, in violation, as it was alleged, of 
this law, and the House of Representatives thereupon de- 
termined to impeach him. 

3. Impeachment of the President. — The articles of im- 
peachment accused him of disobeying the tenure-of-ofifice 

254 



Grant elected Pi^esident; Alabama Claims, r^^ 

law, and of various other offences, and the trial took 
place according to the Constitution, members of the 
House appearing as accusers and the Senate acting as 
judges. The exciting trial lasted two months, and ended 
m May with a vote of thirty-five guilty and nineteen 
not guilty; two-thirds being required to convict, this 
amounted to an acquittal. 

4. Alaska. — The Russian possessions in North America, 
comprising a large and thinly-populated territory at the 
northwest corner of the continent, were purchased by the 
United States in 1867 for the sum of $7,200,000. This ter- 
ritory is known as Alaska. 

5. Election of President— In 1868 General Grant was 
elected President, as the candidate of the Republican party, 
and Schuyler Colfax Vice-President. The Democratic can- 
didates were Horatio Seymour, of New York, and Frank P. 
Blair, of Missouri. 

6. The Alabama Claims.~The most important event of 
General Grant's administration was the settlement of the 
disputes with Great Britain about the responsibility for the 
depredations of the Confederate cruisers. President Lin- 
coln addressed the British government on this subject, 
through Mr. Adams, the American minister at London. 
The correspondence was continued during the term of Mr. 
Johnson, the United States urging that Great Britain ought 
to make compensation for the injury inflicted by her acts, 
and England refusing to admit any liability. 

7. A treaty was at last concluded at Washington, 1871, 
by which it was agreed that a tribunal of arbitrators ap- 
pomted by both parties should meet at Geneva, in Switzer- 
land, to decide the question. The tribunal of arbitration 
decided (1872) that Great Britain was liable, and assessed 
the damages at fifteen and a half millions of dollars, which 
sum was promptly paid. 

8. The Fisheries.— The Treaty of Washington also pro- 
vided for the settlefnent of a long-standing dispute about 



2 5^ Abridged History of the Ujiited Stales. 

the right of the people of the United States to catch fish 
off the coasts of the British-American provinces. A com- 
mission appointed by both parties met at Halifax, and after 
hearing argument decided (1878) that the United States 
should pay five and a half million dollars for the privilege 
of the fisheries during twelve years. 

9. The Northwest Boundary. — A third question consid- 
ered by the Treaty of Washington was the boundary be- 
tween British America and the United States on the North- 
west, where a small piece of territory was still in dispute. 
This controversy was referred to the Emperor of Germany, 
who decided in favor of the claim of the United States. 

10. Re-election of President Grant. — In 1872 General 
Grant was nominated by the Republicans for a second term, 
with Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts, for Vice-President. 
A number of Republicans, dissatisfied with the policy of 
his administration, organized themselves as the Liberal Re- 
publican party and nominated Horace Greeley, editor of 
the New York Tribune, for President, and B. Gratz Brown, 
of Missouri, for Vice-President. The Democratic National 
Convention met soon afterwards and resolved, instead of 
naming Democratic candidates, to support Greeley and 
Brown. Grant and Wilson were elected by a large major- 
ity. Mr. Greeley died a few weeks after the election. 

11. Indian Hostilities. — Great trouble was caused soon 
after the close of the war by the depredations of the In- 
dian tribes of the West and Southwest. The Sioux and 
Cheyennes began hostilities. An expedition was sent out 
against them under direction of General Hancock in 1867, 
and another beyond the Arkansas River in 1868, when Gen- 
eral Custer gained an important victory. In an expedition 
against the Modocs of Oregon in 1873 General Canby was 
treacherously murdered during a parley with the Indian 
chiefs. In June, 1876, General Custer and his entire com- 
mand of two hundred men Avere killed by the Indians on 
the Bisf Horn branch of the Yellowstone River, Montana. 



The Centen7iial Year. 257 

12. Relations with Spain. — The relations between the 
United States and Spain were frequently disturbed by in- 
cidents growing out of an insurrection in Cuba. In October, 
1873, the steamer Vu'ginius, sailing under the United States 
flag, was seized on the high seas by a Spanish man-of-war 
on the ground that she was employed by the Cuban in- 
surgents. Preparations were made to enforce amends for 
this wrong, but at the demand of the President Spain sur- 
rendered the steamer. 

13. The Centenary of Independence. — In 1876 the Unit- 
ed States celebrated the one hundredth anniversary of 
the Declaration of Independence. There were great re- 
joicings throughout the country, and the various battles 
of the Revolution, as well as the signing of the Decla- 
ration, were commemorated by appropriate exercises. The 
Centennial year was chosen for the holding of a great 
international exhibition at Philadelphia, to which all the 
nations of the world were invited to contribute. It was 
opened in May and closed in November, having been 
visited by about ten millions of people. 

14. Elections of 1876.— At the elections of 1876 the 
Republicans supported Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, for 
President, and William A. Wheeler, of New York, for 
Vice-President. The Democratic candidates were Samuel 
J. Tilden, of New York, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of 
Indiana. The contest was very close, and a dispute arose 
as to how the votes of certain States ought to be counted, 
both sides claiming them. Congress finally settled the 
controversy by creating an Electoral Commission, com- 
posed of five senators, five representatives, and five judges 
of the Supreme Court, to whom the disputed returns were 
referred. Under the rulings of this commission the votes 
were counted for Hayes and Wheeler, who thus obtained 
a majority of one, and were duly inaugurated March 4, 
1877. 

15. Election of President Garfield.— At the elections of 



258 Abridged Histoi^y of the United States. 

1880 the Republican candidates were James A. Garfield, 
of Ohio, for President, and Chester A. Arthur, of New 
York, for Vice-President ; while the Democrats nominated 
Major-General W. S. Hancock, of Pennsylvania, for Presi- 
dent, and William H. English, of Indiana, for Vice- 
President. The Republican ticket was successful. 

16. Assassination of President Garfield. — On the 2d of 
July, 1881, as the President was about to take the train 
for New York in the railroad depot in Washington, he 
was shot and mortally wounded by a disappointed office- 
seeker from the West, named Guiteau, who at one time 
played the role of an anti-Catholic lecturer. The President 
lingered in great suffering until September 19, when he 
died. Vice-President Arthur was immediately sworn in as 
President. Guiteau was tried for murder, convicted, and 
was hanged June 30, 1882. 

17. President Arthur's Administration. — The adminis- 
tration of President Arthur was peaceful and prosperous 
throughout. Towards the end of his term of office he 
succeeded in negotiating commercial treaties with Spain and 
the Republics of Central America, but the Senate refused 
to ratify them. The opposing candidates in 1884 for Presi- 
dent and Vice President were — Republican, James G. Blaine, 
of Maine, for President, and John A. Logan, of Illinois, 
for Vice-President ; Democratic, Grover Cleveland, of New 
York, for President, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana, 
for Vice-President. The Democratic party was successful, 
and Grover Cleveland was inaugurated March 4, 1885. 



QUESTIOA^S. 

1. How was slavery finally put an end to ? Did the South ac- 
quiesce in the change ? 

2. About what did the President and Congress quarrel ? For what 
was the President impeached? 

3. Give an account of the trial. 4. What Territory was purchased 
from Russia? 5. Who was elected President in 186S ? 



The Catholic Chtirch in the U. S. 259 

6. What was the most important act of President Grant's adminis- 
tration ? 7,8,9. What did the Treaty of Washington provide ? lo. 
What was the result of the election of 1S72? 11, Give some account 
of recent Indian affairs. 12. What disagreement occurred with Spain ? 
iiow was it settled ? 13. What celebration was held in 1376? i\. 
^Vhat was the result of th« election of that year? How was the 
dispute settled? 15. Who was elected in 1880? 16. Describe Presi- 
'i- :;t Garfield's murder. 17. What is said of President Arthur's ad- 
. a.iisLiaiiou ? What was the result of the election of 1884 i* 



CHAPTER LV. 

The Catholic Church in the United States. 

1. Growth of the Catholic Church in the United States. 

— We have seen that the Catholic Church in the United 
States at the time of the Revohition was weak and unpop- 
ular. It comprised hardly more than twenty-five thousand 
people, with about twenty-five priests, scattered here and 
there, and no bishops, and in all the colonies — even in 
Maryland — it was oppressed by unjust laws and a perse- 
cuting public opinion. The first bishop was appointed in 
1790, and for eighteen years he was the only one in the 
United States. There were no Catholic colleges or schools 
at the time of the Revolution, and no convents, hospitals, 
or asylums. 

2. In fifty years after the erection of the see of Balti- 
more the number of bishops had increased to seventeen, 
the number of priests to four hundred and eighty-two, and 
the Catholic population to about a million and a half. 
Catholics were then about one in eleven of the whole num- 
ber of inhabitants, while in 1776 they were only one in 
one hundred and twenty. 

3. The increase in the numbers of the clergy was every- 
where followed by a rapid development of Catholic spirit. 



26o Abridged History of the United States. 

Faith was revived among descendants of the early settlers 
of Louisiana and Maryland, who had long been deprived of 
the consolations of their religion ; churches suddenly arose 
where a Catholic, only a little while before, had been looked 
upon as a curiosity ; Catholic settlers were found on the 
most remote frontiers ; and many converts were made 
among the Protestant population. 

4. After 1847 ^ still more remarkable impulse was given 
to the growth of the Church by the setting-in of the great 
tide of immigration. The early persecuting laws had for 
the most part been repealed by the States, and the general 
government had adopted a policy of hospitality to immi- 
grants ; and, favored by these circumstances, hundreds of 
thousands of Irish and German settlers came to seek their 
fortunes in the New World. Nearly all the Irish and a 
large proportion of the Germans were Catholics. Catholics 
were also among the less numerous arrivals from other 
foreign nations. 

5. Thus at the end of the first hundred years of the 
nation the Catholics of the United States were supposed to 
amount to 6,500,000, or one-sixth of all the inhabitants of 
the Union, having increased, therefore, in the course of a 
century from one in one hundred and twenty to one in six. 

6. They have given to the country a long line of il- 
lustrious men — theologians, philosophers, controversialists, 
scholars, preachers, statesmen, soldiers. Their missionaries 
have sought out the most savage Indian tribes ; their sister- 
hoods have carried peace and comfort into hospitals and 
tenements ; a flourishing branch of the Sisters of Charity 
was established in the United States by an American 
Catholic lady. Catholic schools have been founded in 
almost every city, and a system of Christian education has 
been sustained in the face of great difificulties. In 1887 
Pope Leo XIII. gave his formal approval of the plans of a 
great Catholic university to be established at Washington 
under the control of the American hierarchy. 



The American Cardinals. 



261 



7. In March, 1875, Pope Pius IX. testified his regard 
for the Church in the United States by creating the first 
American cardinal. The hat was conferred upon the Most 
Reverend John McClos- 
key, Archbishop of New 
York, and he was sol- 
emnly invested with the 
insignia of his office in 
the Cathedral of New 
York, April 27, 1875. 
Cardinal McCloskey died 
October 10, 1885. On 
June 7, 1886, Pope Leo 
XIII. raised to the rank 
of Cardinal the Most 
Reverend James Gib- 
bons, Archbishop of Bal- 
timore. 

8. In 1886 the Church 

in the United States had Cardinal Gibbons. 

12 archbishops, 61 bishops and vicars-apostolic, 7,658 priests, 
6,910 church buildings, 3,281 chapels and stations, 36 theo- 
logical seminaries, 88 colleges, 593 academies, 2,697 parish 
schools, and 485 asylums and hospitals. 




QUESTIONS. 

1. What was the condition of the Catholic Church in the United 
States at the time of the Revolution? 

2. To what numbers had the clergy and laity increased in fifty 
years ? . 

4. What great impulse was given to the American Church after 

1847? * 

5. What was the number of Catholics in the Union in 1S76 ? 

6. What services have Catholics rendered to the country? 

7. Who was the first American cardinal ? When was he invested 
with the dignity? Who was the second? 

3. Give some of the statistics of the American Church in 1886. 



APPENDIX. 



THE DECLARATION OF mDEPENDENCB, 

PASSED JULY 4, 1776. 

A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, 

in, Congress assembled. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one 
people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with 
another, and to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and 
equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle 
them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they 
should' declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created 
equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable 
rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. 
That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, 
deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, 
whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it 
is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new 
government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its 
powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their 
safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments 
long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; 
and, accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more 
disposed to suffer, while evils ai'c sufferable, than to right themselves by 
abolishing the forms to whicli they are accustomed. But when a long 
train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, 
evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their 
right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new 
guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance 
of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to 
alter their former systems of government. The history of the present 
king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, 
all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over 



2 Appendix. 

— ^ — 

these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid 
world : 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary 
for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and press- 
ing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should 
be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to at- 
tend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large 
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of 
representation in the legislature — a right inestimable to them, and for- 
midable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncom- 
fortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, 
for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his 
measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing, with 
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause 
others to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of anni- 
hilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the 
State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the danger of invasion 
from without and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for 
that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners, re- 
fusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the 
conditions of new appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his as- 
sent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of 
their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of 
officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among ils, in times of peace, standing armies, without 
the consent of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior 
to, the civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to 
our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to 
their acts of pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any mur- 
ders which they should commit on the inb^ibitants of these States : 



Appendix. 3 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world ; 
For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 
For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : 
For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences : 
For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring 
province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its 
boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for 
introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : 
■ For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, 
and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments : 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves in- 
vested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his pro- 
tection and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and 
destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries 
to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny already begun, 
with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most 
barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high- 
seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of 
their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has en- 
deavored to bring on the mhabitants of our frontiers the merciless 
Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished de- 
struction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in 
the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered 
only by repeated mjury. A prince wnose character is thus marked 
by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a 
free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We 
have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legis- 
lature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have re- 
minded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement 
here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and 
we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow 
these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and 
correspondence They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and 
consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which de- 
nounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, 
enemies in war, in peace friends. 



4 Appendix. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, 
in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the 
world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the 
authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and de- 
clare, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free 
AND INDEPENDENT STATES ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to 
the British crown, and that all political connection between them and 
the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and 
that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, 
conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all 
other acts and things which Independent States may of right do. And 
for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection 
of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our 
fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

{Signed) JOHN HANCOCK. 

New Hampshire. — Josiah Bartlett, Wm. Whipple, Matthew 
Thornton. 

Massachusetts Bay. — Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat 
Paine, ElbriDge Gerry. 

Rhode Island. — Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery. 

Connecticut. — Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William 
Williams, Oliver Wolcott. 

Netv York. — Wm. Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis 
Morris. 

New Jersey. — Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hop- 
KINSON, John Hart, Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania. — Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Frank- 
lin, John Morton, George Clymer, Jajhes Smith, George Taylor, 
James Wilson, George Ross. 

Delaware.— Cjehar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryla7id. —Sa^iuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles 
Carroll of Carrollton. 

Virginia.— GEORdE Wythe, Richard Hexry Lfk, Thomas Jeffer- 
son, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Ju\., Francis Liohtfoot 
Lee, Carter BraxtOxV. 

North Carolina.— WiEhi AM Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. 

South Carolina.— Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jun., 
Thomas Lynch, Jun., Arthur Middleton. 

6^eor^w.— Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. 



Appendix. 5 

CO]^STITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

PREAMBLE. 

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect 
union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquillity, provide for the 
common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings 
of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this 
Constitution for the United States of America. 

ARTICLE L 

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a 
Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House 
of Representatives. 

Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of mem- 
bers chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and 
the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for elec- 
tors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 

No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to 
the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State 
in which he shall be chosen. 

Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the sev- 
eral States which may be included within this Union, according to their 
respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whob 
number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of 
years, and excluding Indians noc taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. 
The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first 
meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subse- 
quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. 
The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty 
thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative ; and 
until such enumeration shall be made the State of New Hampshire 
shall be entitled to choose three ; Massachusetts, eight ; Rhode Island 
and Providence Plantations, one ; Connecticut, five ; New York, six ; 
New Jersey, four ; Pennsylvania, eight ; Delaware, one; Maryland, six; 
Virginia, ten ; North Carolina, five ; South Carolina, five ; and Georgia, 
three. 

When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the 
executive authority thereof sJi^U issue writs of election to fill sucj] 
vacancies, 



6 A PPENDIX. 

—4, 

The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other 
officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two 
senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six 
years ; and each senator shall have one vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first 
election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. 
The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expi- 
ration of the second year ; of the second class at the expiration of the 
fourth year ; and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, 
so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if vacancies 
happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature 
of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments 
until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such 
vacancies. 

No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age 
of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and 
who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he 
shall be chosen. 

The Vice-President of the United States shall be president of the 
Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro 
tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise 
the office of President of the United States. 

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When 
sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the 
President of the United States is tried, the Chief-Justice shall preside ; 
and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds 
of the members present. 

Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to 
removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of 
honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted 
shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial,, judgment, 
and punishment, according to law. 

Section 4. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for 
senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the 
Legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make 
or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such 
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by 
law appoint a different day. 

Section 5. Each house shaH be the judge of the elections, returns, 
and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall con- 



Appendix. 7 

stitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number .may adjourn 
from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of 
absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each 
house may provide. 

Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its 
members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two- 
thirds, expel a member. 

Each house shall keep a journiil of its proceedings, and from time to 
time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment re- 
quire secrecy, and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on 
any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered 
on the journal. 

Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the con- 
sent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other 
place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. 

Section 6. The senators and representatives shall receive a compen- 
sation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the 
treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases except treason, 
felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their 
attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and 
returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house 
they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was 
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the 
United States which shall have been created, or the emoluments where- 
of shall have been increased, during such time ; and no person holding 
any office under the United States shall be a member of either house 
during his continuance in office. 

Section 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House 
of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amend- 
ments as on other bills. 

Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and 
the Senate shall, before it become a law, be presented to the Presi- 
dent of the United States ; if he approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, 
he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall 
have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, 
and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds 
of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with 
the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be recon- 
sidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a 
law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined 
by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against 
the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If 



8 Appendix. 

JU 

any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days 
(Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the 
same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless 
the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it 
shall not be a law. 

Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the 
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a 
question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the 
United States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved 
by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of 
th Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and 
limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

Section 8. The Congress shall have power — 

To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts 
and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United 
States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout 
the United States ; 

To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 
States, and with tlie Indian tribes ; 

To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on 
the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; 

To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, and 
fix the standard of weights and measures ; 

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and 
current coin of the United States ; 

To establish post-ofRces and post-roads ; . 

To promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing, for 
limited times, to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their re- 
spective writings and discoveries ; 

To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 

To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high- 
seas, and offences against the law of nations ; 

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules 
concerning captures on land and water ; 

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that 
use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 

To provide and maintain a navy ; 

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
naval forces ; 

To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; 

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and 



A PPENDTX. 9 

for governing siich part of them as may be employed in the service of 
the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment 
of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the 
discipline prescribed by Congress ; 

To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such 
district (not exceedmg ten miles square) as may by cession of particular 
States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the govern- 
ment of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places 
purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the 
same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, 
and other needful buildings ; and 

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying 
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this 
Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any depart- 
ment or officer thereof. 

Section 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of 
the States now existing shall think proper to admit shall not be pro- 
hibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred 
and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not 
exceeding ten dollars for each person. 

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, 
unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may re- 
quire it. 

No bill of attainder or ex-post-facto law shall be passed. 

No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to 
the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 

No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or reve- 
nue to the ports of one State over those of another ; nor shall vessels 
bound to, or from, one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in 
another. 

No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of 
appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of 
the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from 
time to time. 

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and no 
person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without 
the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, 
or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign 
state. 

Section 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confed- 
eration ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills 
qI credit ; make anything but ^oH m^ §ilver coin ^ tender in payment 



10 Appendix, 

— '^ — 

of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex-post-facto law, or law impairing 
the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any impost 
or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary 
for executing its inspection laws ; and the net produce of all duties and 
imposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use of 
the treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to 
the revision and control of the Congress. 

No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of ton- 
nage, keep troops or ships-of-war in time of peace, enter into any agree- 
ment or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage 
in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not 
admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II.— THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the 
United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of 
four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same 
term, be elected as follows : 

Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof 
may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators 
and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; 
but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or 
profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 

[*The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot 
for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the 
same State with themselves ; and they shall make a list of all the per- 
sons voted for, and of the number of votes for each, which list they shall 
sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the 
United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president 
of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. 
The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, 
if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; 
and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an 
equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immedi- 
ately choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have 
a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said house shall, 
in like manner, choose the Pi'esident. But in choosing the President 
. the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State 

* This clauge has been supersede^ by the Twelfth Amendment, on page 17. 



Appendix. i\ 

— 4- — 
having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member 
or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the 
States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of 
the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the 
electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or 
more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot 
the Vice-President.] 

The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and 
the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the 
same throughout the United States. 

No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United 
States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible 
to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that 
office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years and 
been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 

In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, 
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said 
office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress 
may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or in- 
ability both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer 
shall then act as President ; and such officer shall act accordingly until 
the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 

The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- 
pensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the 
period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive 
within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any 
of them. 

Before he enter on the execution of his office he shall take the fol- 
lowing oath or affirmation : " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will 
faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, 
to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution 
of the United States." 

Section 2. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army 
and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, 
when called into the actual service of the, United States ; he may re- 
quire the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the 
executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their 
respective offices ; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and par- 
dons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeach- 
ment. 

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present 
concur ; and he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and con- 



12 Appendix. 

— ^ — 

sent of the Senate, shall appoint, ambassadors, other public ministers 
and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of 
the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided 
for, and which shall be established by law : but the Congress may by 
law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper 
in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of de- 
partments. 

The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may hap- 
pen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which 
shall expire at the end of their next session. 

Section 3. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress infor- 
mation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration 
such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on 
extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in 
case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjourn- 
ment he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he 
shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care 
that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers 
of the United States. 

Section 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of 
the United States shall be removed from office on impeachment for, 
and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misde- 
meanors. 

ARTICLE III.— THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in 
one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may 
from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Su- 
preme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, 
and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation 
which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. 

Section 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and 
equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, 
and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to 
all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; 
to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to 
which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between 
two or more States ; between a State and citizens of another State ; 
between citizens of different States ; between citizens of the same 
State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between 
a State, or the citizens thereofj ftnd foreign States, citizens, or sub- 
jects, 



Appendix. 13 

— ^ — 

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and con- 
suls, and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court 
shall have origmal jurisdiction. In all the other cases before men- 
tioned the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to 
law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the 
Congress shall make. 

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by- 
jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes 
shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any State, 
the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have 
directed. 

Section 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in 
levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them 
aid and comfort. 

No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of 
two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, 
but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, 
except during the life of the person attainted. 



ARTICLE IV.— MISCELLANEOUS PEOVISIONS. 

Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to 
the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State; 
and the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which 
such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect 
thereof. 

Section 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all priA'i- 
leges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 

A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other 
crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, 
on demand of the executive authority of the- State from which he 
fled, be delivered up to be removed to the State having jurisdiction 
of the crime. 

No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws 
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or 
regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall 
be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor 
may be due. 

Section 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this 
Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdic- 
tion of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of 



14 Appendix. 

— ^ — 

two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legis- 
latures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. 

The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful 
rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging 
to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so con- 
strued as to prejudice any claims of the United States or of any par- 
ticular State. 

Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this 
Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them 
against invasion, and on application of the legislature or of the 
executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic 
violence. 

ARTICLE v.— POWERS OF AMENDMENT. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it 
necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the 
application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall 
call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall 
be valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution, 
when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several 
States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the 
other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; pro- 
vided* that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one 
thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first 
and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no 
State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the 
Senate. 

ARTICLE VI.— PUBLIC DEBT, SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTI- 
TUTION, OATH OF OFFICE, RELIGIOUS TEST. 

All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adop- 
tion of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States 
under this Constitution as under the confederation. 

This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be 
made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be 
made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme 
law of the land ; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, 
anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary rot- 
withstanding. 

The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members 
of the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial oificers, 



Appendix. 15 

both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by 
oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test 
shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under 
the United States. 

ARTICLE VIL— RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION. 

The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient 
for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying 
the same. 

Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the States pre- 
sent, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord 
one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the inde- 
pendence of the United States of America the twelfth. 
In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON, 

President, and Deputy from Virginia. 
{Signed oy Deputies from all the States exceptRliode Island) 

The Constitution was adopted by the Convention September 17, 
1787, and was ratified by conventions of the several States at the follow- 
ing dates, viz. : 

Delaware, December 7,1787. Maryland, April 28, 1788. 

Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787. South Carolina, May 23, 1788. 
New Jersey, December 18, 1787. New Hampshire, June 21, 1788. 
Georgia, January 2, 1788. Virginia, June 26, 1788. 

Connecticut, January 9, 1788. New York, July 26, 1788. 

Massachusetts, February 6, 1788. North Carolina, Nov. 21, 1789. 
Rhode Island, May 29, 1790. 

ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, THE 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, 

Proposed hy Congress, and ratified hy the Legislatures of the several 
States, pursuant to the Fifth Article of the foregoing Constitution. 

ARTICLE I.— FREEDOM OF RELIGION. 

The Urst ten articles were proposed hy Congress in 1789, and declared 

adopted in 1791. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, 
or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of 
speech, or of the press, or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble, 
and to petition the government for a redress of grievances, 



16 Appendix. 

— 4- — 

ARTICLE II.— RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS. 

A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free 
State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be in- 
fringed. 

ARTICLE III.— QUARTERING SOLDIERS ON CITIZENS. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without 
the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be pre- 
scribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV.— SEARCH-WARRANTS. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, 
and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be 
violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported 
by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be 
searched and the persons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE v.— TRIAL FOR CRIME. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous 
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in 
cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual 
service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject 
for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb, nor 
shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, 
nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law ; 
nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compen- 
sation. 

ARTICLE VI.— RIGHTS OF ACCUSED PERSONS. 

In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a 
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district 
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have 
been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature 
and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against 
him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; 
and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. 

ARTICLE VIL— SUITS AT COMMON LAW. 

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed 
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact 
tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United 
States than according to the rules of the common law. 



Appendix. 17 

— 4- — 
ARTICLE VIII.— EXCESSIVE BAIL. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor 
cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX.-RIGHTS RETAINED BY THE PEOPLE, 

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be 
construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

ARTICLE X. -RESERVED RIGHTS OP THE STATES. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, 
nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, 
or to the people. 

ARTICLE XL— RESTRICTION ON THE JUDICIAL POWER. 
Proposed by Congress in 1794 and declared adopted in 1798. 

The judicial power of the United Slates shall not be construed to ex- 
tend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one 
of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or sub- 
jects of any foreign State. 

ARTICLE XII.— METHOD OF ELECTING A PRESIDENT. 

Proposed by Congress and declared adopted in 1804. 

The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot 
for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not 
be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name in 
their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distmct ballots 
the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists 
of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as 
Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they 
shall sign and cei'tify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government 
of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The 
president of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of 
Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be 
counted. The person having the greatest number oC votes for Presi- 
dent shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole 
number of electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, 
then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, 
on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives 



18 A PPENDIX. 

— + 

shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the 
President the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from 
each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of 
a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of 
all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Rep- 
resentatives sliall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice 
shall devolve upon them, before the foiuth day of March next following, 
then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the 
death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person 
having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the 
Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of 
electors appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then from the 
two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice- 
President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the 
whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall 
be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible lo 
the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the 
United States. 

ARTICLE XIII.— SLAVERY. 

Proposed hy Congress in 1865, and declared adopted December, 1865. 

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, 
shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their juiis- 
diction. 

Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by ap- 
propriate legislation. 

ARTICLE XIV.-CIVIL RIGHTS. 
Declared adopted July 28, 1868. 

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and 
subject to the jurisdiction thereof are citizens of the United States and 
of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any 
law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the 
United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, 
or property without due process of law; nor deny to any person within 
its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 

Section 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several 
States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole num- 
ber of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed ; but when 



Appendix. 19 

the right to rote at any election for the choice of electors for President 
and Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Congress, 
the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the 
Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such 
State (being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States), 
or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other 
crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the propor- 
tion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole 
number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in said State. 

Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Con- 
gress, or Elector, or President, or Vice-President, or hold any office, 
civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, hav- 
ing previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an ofTicer of 
the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an 
executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of 
the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion 
against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof ; but 
Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such dis- 
ability. 

Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, 
authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions 
and bounties, for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall 
not be questioned ; but neither the United States nor any State shall 
assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or 
rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emanci- 
pation of any slave. But all such debts, obligations, and claims shall 
be held illegal and void. 

Sec'tion 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate 
legislation, the provisions of this Article. 



ARTICLE XV.—CIYIL RIGHTS. 

Decla/red adopted, March 30, 1870. 

Section 1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall 
not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on ac- 
count of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by 
appropriate legislation. 



20 



Appendix. 
— ^ — 



PRESIDExXTS AND 



TEAK. 


PRESIDENTS. 


VICE-PKESIDENTS. 


SECRETARIES OP 
STATE. 


SECRETARIES OP 
TREASURY. 


1789-1797 


George Washington 
(Federal). 


John Adams. 


Thomas Jefferson, 
Edmund Randolph, 
Timothy Pickering. 


Alex. Hamilton, 
Oliver Wolcott. 


1797-1801 


John Adams (Fed.) 


Thos. Jefferson. 


Timothy Pickering, 
John Marshall. 


Oliver Wolcott, 
Samuel Dexter. 


1801-1809 


Thomas Jefferson 
(Kepublican). 


Aaron Burr, 
George Clinton. 


James Madison. 


Samuel Dextec 
Albert Gallatin. 


1809-1817 


James Madison 
(Democrat). 


George Clinton, 
Elbridge Gerry. 


Robert Smith, 
James Monroe. 


Albert Gallatin, 
Geo. W. Campbell, 
Alex. J. Dallas. 


1817-1825 


James Monroe (D.) 


D. D. Tompkins. 


John Q,. Adams. 


Wm. H.Crawford. 


1825-1829 


John Quincy Adams 
(Coalition). 


John C. Calhoun. 


Henry Clay. 


Richard Rush. 


1829-1837 


Andrew Jackson 
(Dem.) 


John C. Calhoun, 
Martin Van Buren. 


Martin Van Buren, 
Edward Livingston, 
Louis McLane, 
John Forsyth. 


S. D. Ingham, 
Louis McLane, 
Wm. J. Duane, 
Eoger B. Taney, 
Levi Woodbury. 


1837-1841 


Martin Yan Buren 
(Dem.) 


Richard M. John- 
sou. 


John Forsyth. 


Levi Woodbury. 


1841-1845 


William Henry Har- 
rison (Whig». (D. 
April 4, 1841, and 
John Tyler be- 
came President.) 


John Tyler. 


Daniel Webster, 
Hugh S. Le„-are, 
Abel P. Upshur, 
John Nelson, 
John C. Calhoun. 


Thomas Ewing. 
Walter Forward, 
Caleb Gushing, 
John C. Spencer, 
G. M. Bibb. 


1845-1849 


James K. Polk (D.) 


George M. Dallas. 


James Buchanan. 


Robert J. Walker. 


1849-1853 


Zachary Taylor (W.) 
(Died July 9, 1850, 
and Millard Fill- 
more became Pre- 
sident.) 


Millard Fillmore. 


John M. Clayton, 
Daniel Webster, 
Edward Everett. 


Wm. M.Meredith, 
Thomas Corwin. 


1853-1857 


Franklin Pierce (D.) 


William R. King. 


William L. Marcy. 


James Guthrie. 


1S57-1861 


Jas. Buchanan (D.) 


John C. Breckin- 
ridge. 


Lewis Cass, 
Jeremiah S. Black. 


Howell Cobb, 
Philip F. Thomas, 
John A. Dix. 


18G1-1869 


Abr'm Lincoln (E.) 
(DiedAp. 15, 1865, 
in 2d term, and 
And. Johnson be- 
came President.) 


Hannibal ITaralin, 
Andrew Johnson. 


Wm. n. Seward. 


Salmon P. Chase, 
W. P. Fessenden, 
Hugh McCulloch. 


1869-1877 


Ulysses S. Grant 


Schuyler Colfax, 
Henry Wilson. 


E. B. Washburne, 
Hamilton Fisb. 


Geo. S. Boutwell, 
W.A.Richardson, 
B. H. Bristow, 
L. M. Morrill. 


1877-1881 


R. B. Hayes. (R.) 


Wm. A. Wheeler. 


Wm. M. Evarts. 


John Sherman. 



Present Administration — 1885 
Wm. C. Endicott, 



-1889— Grover Cleveland, Pres. ; Thomas A. Hendricks, 
Sec. of War ; Wm. C. Whitney, Sec. of Navy ; L. Q. C. 



A PPENDIX. 
^ 



THEIR CABINETS. 



21 



SECRETARIES OP 
WAR. 



Henry Knox, 
Tim. Pickering, 
Jas. McHenry. 

Jas. McHenry, 
Samuel Dexter, 
K. Griswold. 

H. Dearborn. 



secretaries of 

navy'. 



(No Navy Dept. dur- 
ing Wasliington's 
Administration.) 

George Cabot, 
Benjamin Stoddert. 

Benjamin Stoddert, 
Robert Smith, 
Jac. Crowninshield. 



William Eustis, Paul Hamilton, 



William Jones, 
Benj. W. Crownin- 

sMeld. 
Benj. W. Crownin- 

shield, 
Smith Thompson, 
John Rogers, 
Samuel L. Sonthard. 
Samuel L. Southard. 

John Branch, 
Levi Woodbury, 
M. Dickerson. 



M. Dickerson, 
James K. Paulding. 

George E. Badger, 
Abel P. Upshur, 
D. Henshaw, 
Thomas W. Gilmer. 
John y. Mason. 
George Bancroft. 
John Y. Mason. 

W. B. Preston. 



J. Armstrou}^ 
W.H.Crawford. 

Isaac Shelby, 
G. Graham, 
J. C. Calhouu. 



James Barbour, 
P. B. Porter. 

John H. Eaton, 
Lewis Cass. 



J. R. Poinsett. 



John Bell, 
John McLean, 
J. C. Spencer, 
J. M. Porter, 
W. Williams. 

Wm. L. Marcy. 



G.W.Crawford, 
W. A. Graham, 
J. P. Kennedy. 



Jefferson Davis. James C. Dobbin. 
John B. Floyd, jlsaac Toucey. 
Joseph Holt. 

Sim'n Cameron. Gideon Welles. 
E. M. Stanton. 



J. M. Schofield,'AdolphE. Borie, 
J. A. Rawlins, OeorgeM. Robeson. 
W. W. Belknap, 
J. J). Cameron. 



SECRETARIES OF 
INTERIOR. 



G. W. McCrary. 

Alex. Ramsey. 



POSTMASTER- 
GENERALS. 



ATTORNEY- 
GENERALS. 



Samuel Osgood, E. Randolph, 



R. W. Thompson. 



T. Pickering, 
J. Habersham. 

J. Habersham. 



J. Habersham, 
Gid. Granger. 



Gid. Granger, 
Return J.Meigs. 



Return J.Meigs, 
John McLean. 



John McLean. 

Wm. T. Barry, 
Amos Kendall. 



Amos Kendall, 
John M. Niles. 

F. Granger, 
C. A. Wickliffe 



Cave Johnson. 



Thomas Ewing, Jacob Collamer. 
J. A. Pearce, IN. K. Hall, 
T. McKennon, S. D. Hubbard. 
A. H. H. Stuart, 



R. McClellan. 
Jac. Thompson. 



Caleb B. Smith, 
J. P. Usher, 
James Harlan, 
O. H. Browning. 

Jacob D. Cox, 
C. Delano, 



Jas. Campbell. 

A. V. Brown, 
Joseph Holt, 
Horatio King. 
Montgom. Blair. 
Wm. Dennison, 
A. W. Randall. 



J. A. J. Cress- 
well, 



Zach. Chandler. Marshall Jewell, 
J. N. Tyner. 



Carl Schurz. 



D. M. Key. 



Wm. Bradford, 
Charles Lee. 

Charles Lee. 



Levi Lincoln, 
Robert Smith, 
J. Breckinridge, 
Cses. A. Rodney. 
Caes. A. Rodney, 
Wm. Pinckney, 
Richard Rush. 

Richard Rush, 
William Wirt. 



William Wirt. 

J. McP. Berrien, 
Roger B. Taney, 
Benj. F. Butler. 



Benj. F. Butler, 
Felix Grundy, 
H. D. Gilpin. 
J. J. Crittenden, 
Hugh S. Legare, 
John Nelson. 



John Y. Mason, 
N. Clifford, 
Isaac Toucey. 
R. Johnson, 
J. J. Crittenden. 



Caleb Gushing. 
J. S. Black, 
E. M. Stanton. 

Edward Bates, 
James Speed, 
H. F. Stanbery 



E. R. Hoar, 
A. T. Akerman, 
G. H. Williams, 
E. Pierrepont, 
A. Taft. 
Chas. Devens. 



Vice-Pres.: Thomas F. Bavard, Sec. of State; Daniel Manuing Sec. of Treasury; 
Lamar, Sec. of Interior ; Wm. F. Vilas, Postmaster-Gen.; A.H. Garland, Attorney-Gen. 



22 



Appendix. 

— •!-— 

BATTLE EECORD OF THE EEPUBLIC. 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR.* 



Date. 



April 19, 1775 

April 19, " 

June 17, " 

Dec. 9, " 

Dec. 31, " 

Feb. 27, 1776 

Mar. 17, " 

June 28, " 

Aug. 27, " 

Sept. 1(3, " 

Oct. 28, " 

Nov. 1(3, " 

Dec. 26, " 

Jan. 3, 1777 

July 7, " 

Aug. 6, " 

Aug. 16, " 

Sept. 11, " 

Sept. l'.», " 

Sept. 20, " 

Oct. 4, " 



Oct. 
Oct. 



Oct. 22, " 
Nov. 16, " 
June 28, 1778 
July 4, " 
Aug. 29, " 
Dec. 29, " 
Feb. 14, 1779 
Mar. 3, " 
June 20, " 
July 16, " 
Aug. 18, " 
Oct. 4-9, " 
May 12, 1780 
June 23, " 
July 30, " 
Aug. 6, " 
Aug. 16, " 
Oct. 7, " 
Nov. 18, " 
Nov. 20, " 
Jan. 17, 1781 
Mar. 15, " 
April 25, " 
May, 



9, 



May, 
July 

Sept. 6, 

Sept. 6, 

Sept. 8, 

Oct. 19, 



Battle. 



Concord 

Lexington 

Bunker Hill 

Great Bridge 

Quebec 

Moore's Creek Bridge 

Boston (surrendered) 

Fort Sullivan 

Long Island 

Harlem Heights 

White Plains 

Fort Washington 

Trenton 

Princeton 

Hubbardton 

Oriskany 

Bennington 

Brandy wine 

Bemis' Heights 

Paoli 

Germantown 

Fts. Clinton & Montgom. 
Bemis' Heights (2d battle) 

Fort Mercer 

Fort Mifflin 

Monmouth 

Wyoming % 

Quaker fiill 

Savannah 

Kettle Creek 

Brier Creek 

Stono Ferry 

Stony Point 

Paulus' Hook 

Savannah (besieged) 

Charleston (surrendered) . 

Springfield 

Rocky Mount 

Hanging Rock . . . .T 

Sanders'' Creek 

King's Mountain 

Fish Dam Ford 

Blackstocks 

Cowpens 

Guilford C. H 

Hobkirk's Hill . 

Ft. Ninety-Six (besieged). 

Augusta (besieged) 

Jamestown 

Groton 

New London 

Eutaw Springs 



Commander. 



American. 



Yorkto\\Ti (surrendered).. 



Parker . . . . 
Barrett. . . . 
Prescott . ... 
Woodford. . 
Montgomery. 
Caswell. 
Washington. . 

Moultrie 

Sullivan 

Knowlton.. . 
Washington . 

Magaw 

Washington. . 
Washington. . 

Warren. 

Herkimer 

Stark . . . . 
Washington. . 

Gates 

Wayne 

Washington. . 
Jas. Clinton. 

Gates 

Greene 

Smith 

Washington . 
Zeb. Butler . . 

Sullivan 

Robt. Howe. 

Pickens 

Ashe 

Lincoln ... .. 

Wayne 

Lee 

Lincoln 

Lincoln 

Greene 

Sumter 

Sumter 

Gates 

Campbell . . . 

Sumter 

Sumter 

Morgan 

Greene 

Greene 

Greene 

Lee 

Wayne 

Lcdyard 



Greene 

Washington.. 



British. 



Pitcairn.... \ 

Pitcairn f 

Howe 



McDonald. 

Howe 

Parker. . .. 
Clinton 



Howe 

Knyphausen 

Rahl 

Mawhood 

Fraser 

St. Leger 

Baum 

Howe 

Burgoyne . . . 

Grey 

Howe 

Sir H. Clinton 
Burgoyne. . . 

Donop 

Howe 

Clinton 

John Butler.. 

Pigot 

Campbell 

Boyd 

Prevost 

Prevost 

Johnson 



Prevost 

Clinton 

Knyphausen 



Cornwailis . 

Ferguson 

Wemyss . . . . , 
Tarleton. . . 
Tarleton. . . 
Cornwailis . 
Rawdon.. .. 

Cruger 

Brown 

Cornwailis. . . 

Arnold 

Arnold 

Stewart ...... 



Cornwailis. -| 



> 



Amer. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Indec. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Indec. 

Brit. 

Brit. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Brit. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Brit. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Am. & 

Fr'nch 



Loss. 



Am 



449 

Nil. 

586 

Nil 

Nil. 

24 

1600 

50 

300 

2800 

4 

100 

300 



56 

1200 

319 

300 

1000 

300 

150 

50 

250 

229 

400 

200 

553 

38 

2000 

300 



§457 
6000 



Br. 



273 

1054 

62 

20 

70 

Nil. 

225 

367 

100 

300 

1000 

1040 

430 

183 



13 
53 

1000 
20 



807 
590 
600 

'600 
140 
t700 
400 
400 
300 

220 
24 
145 
16 
270 
606 
159 
120 



8 

80 

400 

266 

150 

51 



60 

555 
300 



20 

325 
1100 



200 
700 
600 
258 

386 



693 
7567 



* In these tables several mere skirmishes are omitted. 

t Burgoyne's whole army, numbering 5,791, was surrendered on October 17. 

X Massacre, § The French, under D'Estaing, lost 637. 



Appendix. 
J, 

THE WAR OF 1813. 



23 



!Datb. 



Battle. 



Commander. 



1812 



1813 



July 17 
Aug. 4, 
Aug. 16, 
Oct. 13, 
Jan. 18, 
Jan. 22, 
Feb. 22, 
April 27, 
May 27, 
May 29, 
June 6, 
June 13, 
June 22, 
June 23, 
July 11, 
Aug. 2, 
Aug. 9, 
Aug. 30, 
Oct. 5, 
Nov. 9, 
Nov. 11, 
Nov. 18, 
Dec. 19, 
Dec. 30, 
Mar. 30, 
May 5, 
July 5, " 
July 25. " 
Aug. 1, " 
Aug. 4, " 
Aug. 24, " 
Sept. 11, " 
Sept. 12, '' 
Sept. 17, " 
Jan. 8, 1815 



1814 



Fort Mackinaw , 

Brownstown 

Detroit (surrendered) . . . 
Queenstown Heights . . . . 

Frenchtown 

River Raisin (massacre) . 

Ogdensburg 

York 

Fort George 

Sackett's Harbor 

Stony Creelc 

Hampton 

Crancy Island 

Beaver Dams 

Black Rock 

Fort Stephenson 

Stonington 

Fort Mimms 

Thames 

Talladega 

Chrysler's Field 

Hillabee Towns 

Fort Niagara . 

Black Rock 

La Colle Mills 

Fort Oswego 

Chippewa 

Lundy's Lane 

Fort Erie (besieged) 

Fort Mackinaw 

Bladeusburg 

Plattsburg 

North Point 

Fort Erie 

New Orleans 



American. British 



Van Home . 

Hull 

Van Rensselaer 

Allen 

Winchester . 

Forsyth 

Pike 

Dearborn 

Brown ... 
Chandler. .. . 
Crutchfield.. 

Beatly 

Bcerstler 

Porter 

Croghan 



Beasoley. . . 
Harrison . . 
Jackson . . . 

Boyd 

White 

McClure. .. 
Hall .... 
Wilkinson 
Mitchell . . 

Brown 

Brown. .. . 
Gaines . . . 
Croglian . . 

Winder 

McComb. . . 
Strycker... 

Brown . 

Jackson . . . 



Brock. 
Brock. 



Proctor . . . 
Sheaffe . . 



Prevost . . . 
Vincent. . 
Beckwith 



Bisshopp. 
Proctor . , 
Hardy . 



Proctor. . 
Morrison. 



Murray. 



Hancock . . 



Riall 

Drummond 
Drumraond 



Ross . . . 
Prevost . 
Ross 



Pakenham 



Brit. 

Brit. 

BrU. 

Brft. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Ind'ns 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Indec. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Brit. 

Brit. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 

Amer. 



Loss. 



Am Br. 



25 

2340 

1014 

67 

946 

20 

280 

121 

106 

153 

1 

Nil. 

535 

9 



182 

55 

700 

893 



6 
300 

29 
101 
338 
Nil. 
423 
102 
138 

69 
300 
74;3 
112 

74 
190 
102 
163 
295 



200 
200 
65 
23 
150 
80 
600 
617 
290 

'317 

8 

75 

56 
235 
550 

878 
1400 



1500 
290 
1000 
5312053 



MEXICAN WAR. 



Date. 



May 


3, 1846 


May 


8, " 


May 


9, " 


Sep.21-24, " 


Dec. 


25, " 


Feb. 


23, 1847 


Feb. 


28. " 


Mar. 22-26 " 


April 18, " 


Aug. 


20, " 


Aug. 


20, " 


Sept. 


8, " 


Sept. 


13, " 


Sept. 


14, " 



Battle. 



Fort Brown 

Palo Alto 

Resaca de la Palma 

Monterey 

Bracito 

Buena Vista 

Chihuahua 

Vera Cruz (siege) 

Cerro Gordo 

Contreras 

Churubusco 

El Molino del Rey 

Chapultepec 

City of Mexico (surrend.) 



Commander. 



American. 



Brown 

Taylor 

Taj'lor 

Taylor . . 
Doniphan. . 

Taylor 

Doniplian. . 

Scott" 

Scott 

P. F. Smith. 

Worth 

Worth 

Scott 

Scott 



Mexican. 



Ampudia . . . 

Arista 

Arista 

Ampudia . . . 

De Leon 

Santa Anna. 
Trias 



'Santa Anna., 

Valencia 

Santa Anna. . 
Santa Anna. . 
Santa Anna. . 
Santa Anna.. 



Amer. 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Amer 
Amer 
lAmer 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Am. I 
Am. ) 
Amer. 
Amer. 
Amer. 



Loss. 



Am M'x 



1 

53 

110 

561 

7! 



600 
1100 
1000 

200 



746 2000 
191 600 
80 7000 



431 

1015 

800 



4000 
7000 
1000 



24 



Appendix. 

— 4- — 

THE CIVIL WAR. 



Date. 



April 
June 
June 
July 
July 
July 
Aug. 



14, 1861 

10, " 

17, " 

6, " 

10, " 

21, " 
10, 



Aug. 26-30, 
Sept. 20, 
Oct. 21, 
Oct.29-Nov.'; 

Nov. 7, 



10, 1862 

19, " 

6, " 

7-9, " 

16, " 

7-8, " 

2.3, " 

6-7, ;; 

7, 

5, " 

2.5, " 

27, " 



Jan. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

April 

April 

May 

May 

May 

May31-J'el, " 

June 9, ■ ■ 

J'e26-Jul.l, " 



Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 



5, 
9, 
30, 
14, 
15, 
17, 



Sept. 19, 20, 



Oct. 


3, " 


Oct. 


8, " 


Dec. 


7, " 


Dec. 


13, " 


Dec. 


20, " 


Dec. J 


27, 29, " 


D'c31-J'n 2,1863 


Jan. 


11, " 


May 


1, " 


May 


1-4, " 


May 


12, " 


May 


14, " 


May 


16, " 


May 


17, " 


June 


27, " 


July 


1-4, " 


July 


4, " 


July 


4, " 


July 


9, " 


July 


16, " 


July 10-18, " 


Sept. 


19,20, " 


Nov. 


16. " 


Novl7-D'c4," 



Battle. 



Fort Sumter 

Big Bethel 

Booneville 

Carthage 

Rich Mountain 

Bull Run 

Wilson's Creek 

Hatteras Expedition. . 

Lexington 

Bairs Bluff 

Port Royal Expedition 

Belmont 

Middle Creek 

Mill Spring 

Fort Henry 

Roanoke Island 

Fort Donelson 

Pea Ridge 

Kearnstovm 

Shiloh 

Island No. 10 

Williamsburg 

Winchester 

Hanover Court-House 
S'v'n Pin's or F'irO'ks 

Port Republic 

Seven Days' Battles . . 

Baton Rouge 

Cedar Mountain 

Bull Run (2d battle) . . 

South Mountain 

Harper's Ferry 

Antietani 

luka 

Corinth 

Perryville 

Praine Grove 

Fredericksburg 

Holly Springs 

Chickasaw Bayou 

Stone River, etc 

Arkansas Post 

Port Gibson 

Chancellorsville 

Raymond 

Jackson , . . 

1 Champion Hill 

iBig Black 

Hanover Junction 

Gettysburg 

Vicksburg (surrender) 

Helena 

Port Hudson 

Jackson 

Fort Wagner 

Chickamauga Creek . . 
CampbeH's'Station. . . 
Knoxville (besieged) . . 



Commander. 



Federal. 



Anderson. .. 

Butler 

Lyon 

Sigel 

Rosecrans . . 
McDowell . . . 

Lyon 

Butler 

Mulligan 

Baker ... 

T. W. Sherman 

Grant . . 

Garfield 

Thomas 

Foote 

Burnside 

Grant 

Curtis 

Shields 

Grant 

Pope 

McClellan 

Banks 

McClellan 

McClcUan 

Shields 

McClellan 

Williams 

Banks 

Pope 

McClellan 

Miles 

McClellan 

Rosecrans 

Rosecrans 

Buell 

Blunt .. 

Burnside 

Murphy 

Sherman 

Rosecrans. . . . 
McClernand . . . 
McClernand . . . 

Hooker 

'McPherson 

iMcPhersou 

Grant 

Grant 

! McClellan... . 

Meade 

Grant 

Prentiss 

Banks 

Sherman 

Gillmore 

Rosecrans 

Burnside 

Burnside 



Confederate, 



Beauregard . . 

Magruder 

Marmaduke . 

Price 

Pegram 

Beauregard . . 
McCulioch. . . 

Barron 

Price 

Evans 

Drayton 

Polk 

Marshall. . . . 
Crittenden. . . 

Tilghman 

Wise 

Floyd 

VanDom... 

Jackson 

Johnston... » 

Makall 

I Johnston 

I Jackson 

j Johnston. . . . 
•Johnston .. ., 
I Jackson . . . . 

JLee 

j Breckinridge 

I Jackson 

jLee 

JLee 

; Jackson 

JLee 

;Price 

j VanDom 

Bragg 

Hindman. .. 

jLee 

Van Dorn . . . 
;Pemberton . . 

:Bragg 

Churchill 

;Bo\ven, 

Lee 

;Gregg 

i Walker 

iPemberton .. 
iPemberton .. 

I Johnston 

Lee — 

[Pemberton . . 

i Holmes 

Gardiner 

Johnston 

Keitt 

Bragg 

Longstreet. . . 
Longstreet. . . 



Conf. 

Conf. 

Fed. 

Indec 

Fed. 

Conf. 

Conf. 

Fed. 

Conf. 

Conf. 

Fed. 

Indec 

Fed. 

Fed. 

Fed. 

Fed. 

Fed. 

Fed. 

Fed. 

Fed. 

Fed. 

Fed. 

Conf. 

Fed. 

Fed. 

Conf. 

Ind.* 

Fed. 

Conf. 

Conf. 

Fed. 

IConf. 

i Indec 

iFed. 

iFed. 

Indec 

;Fed. 

I Conf. 

Conf. 

Conf. 

Fed. 

Fed. 

Fed. 

Indec 

Fed. 

Fed. 

Fed. 

Fed. 

Fed. 

Fed. 

Fed. 

Fed. 

Fed. 

Fed. 

Conf. 

Conf. 

Indec 

Fed. 



Loss. 



Fed. Con 



Nil. 
100 



43 

3051 
1236 



Nil. 



160 
1000 



400 

"246 

73 

260 

2000 

1351 



13575 



2228 

904 

397 

5739 

450" 

15249 

300 

2000 

18000 

1568 

11583 

12469! 



190 
735 
1887 
1095 
700 
100 
155 



800 

'343 
83 

2500 

12000 

1300 



10699 

6976 

1300 

397 

930 

42S2 

67 

19000 

400 

1314 

8400 

2000 



13533 



782| 1438 
23591 9271 
43481 2.500 
11481 1317 
120001 6000 
19001 30 
2000! 207 
8778:10000 

9771 4640 

848 580 
17197 13000 

442 i 823 

265 i 845 
2457; 4400 

276; 1500 

399 930 

23186 36000 

4236 27000 

250 1636 
3000 7208 

500: 600 

1700 670 

16351^180(10 

300, SOO 
1000: 2500 



* The results of these battles varied from day to day, but on the whole the advaa- 
tage was with the Federals. 



Appendix. 

— + — 

THE CIVIL WAR {Continued). 



25 



Date. 



Nov. 


24, 1863 


Nov. 


25, " 


Feb. 


20, 1864 


April 


8, '• 


April 


9, " 


April 


12, " 


May 


5, 6, " 


May 7-12, " 


May 14, 15, " 


May 


25, " 


June 


1-3, " 


June 2] 


,22, " 


June 


27, " 


July 


20, " 


July 


22, " 


July 20-26, " 


J'el5-Jul.30," 


Aug. 18-21, " 


Aug31-Sepl, " 


Sept. 


2, " 


Sept. 


19, " 


Sept. 


22, " 


Oct. 


6, " 


Oct. 


19, " 


Oct. 


27, " 


Nov. 


30, " 


Dec. 


14, " 


Dec. IE 


, 16, " 


Jan. 


16, 1865 


Feb. 


5, " 


March 


16, " 


March 


18, " 


Mar-31-Apll," 


April 


2, " 


April 8-12, " 


April 


9, " 


April 


26, " 



Battle. 



Commander. 



Federal. 



Confederate. 



Lookout Mountain . . 

Mi^sionai'y Ridge 

Olustee 

Sabine Cross Roads . 

Pleasant Hill 

Fort Pillow 

Wilderness 

Spottsylvania 

Resaca 

New Hope Church. . . 

Cold Harbor 

Weldon Railroad 

Keuesaw Mountain . 
Peach Tree Creek . . . 

Decatur 

Atlanta 

Petersburg (3 ass'lts) . 

Weldon Railroad 

Jonesborough 

Atlanta (captured) . . . 

Winchester 

Fisher's Hill 

Allatoona Pass 

Cedar Creek 

Hatcher's Run 

Franklin 

Fort McAllister 

Nashville 

Fort Fisher (captured) 
Hatcher's Run... 
Averysborough. . 

Bentonville 

Five Forks 

Petersburg (evacuat'd) 

Mobile 

Appomattox C. H.*. 
Smithlield 



Grant 

Grant 

Seymour 

Banks 

Banks 

Booth 

Grant 

Grant 

McPherson. 
Sherman . . . 

Grant 

Birney 

Sherman 



Sherman 



I 
S 
Sherman.. 

Grant 

Warren... 
Sherman . 
Sherman . 
Sheridan. . 
Sheridan . . 

Corse 

Sheridan . , 

Grant 

Schofield.. 

Hazen 

Thomas . . 

Terry . 

Grant 

Sherman . , 
Sherman . , 
Sheridan . , 

Grant 

Canby 

Grant. . . . 
Sherman. . 



Bragg Fed | 

Bragg jFed f 

Finnegan ... Conf. 

Smith Icon ( 

Smith Fed f 

Forrest ,Conf . 

Lee Indec 

Lee ilndec 

Johnston 'indec 

Johnston Indec 

Lee IConf. 

Hill jConf. 

Johnston Conf. 

Hood Indec 

Hood Fed. 

Lee Conf. 

Hill Fed. 

Hardee Fed. 

Hood Fed. 

Early Fed. 

Early Fed. 

French Fed. 

Early Fed. 

Lee Conf. 

Hood Fed. 

[Fed. 

Hood Fed. 

Whiting 'Fed. 

Lee Conf. 

Hardee iFed. 

Johnston Fed. 

Lee IFed. 

Lee Fed. 

Taylor Fed. 

Lee IFed. 

Johnston IFed. 



Loss. 



Fed. Con 



5616 

2000 

5000 

550 
29410 
1038! 



13153 

4000 
3000 

1500 



8000 

730 

5000 

80 
8000 



1600 



18989 
4543 



3000 



707 

3000 

1500 

2300 

90 



646 
2000 

554 
1643 
1000 



442 

5000 

13000 



1200 



8000 
1100 

642 
3350 
1600 
5500 

240 



2083 
1000 
550 
1892 
6000 



335 

....128000 
.. .35000 



* Lee here capitulated with his whole army, and on the 26th Johnston also surren- 
dered, while minor commands elsewhere were given up later on, and the war ended. 



INDIAN WARS. 

Black Hawk War.— This war began with attacks on the frontier settlers of Illi- 
nois by the Sacs, under their chief, Black Hawk. The war lasted from the middle of 
May, 1832, till August 2 of the same year, when it ended in the utter defeat of the 
Indians at the junction of the Bad Axe and Mis^sissippi rivers. During the war twenty 
two white people were killed and forty wounded ; the Indians lost in killed 283. 

Seminole War.— This war began toward the close of 1835, and grew out of an 
attempt by the Government to remove the Seminoles beyond the Mississippi. With 
varying fortunes it dragged along for seven years, ending with the engagement at 
Pilaklikaha Big Hammock on April 19, 1842. The war cost the United States many 
valuable lives and millions of treasure. 

There have been several minor wars with Indian tribes, such as the Modoc War, 
in which Gen. Canby was murdered, and that with Sitting Biiirs tribe, in wliich Gen. 
Custer and his entire command perished. 



26 Appendix, 

— ^ — 

'NAVAL BATTLES. 

Paul Jones attacks Whitehaven. 

Paul Jones, in the Bon Homme Richard, captures British frigate 

Serapis. 
French frigate L'Insurgente taken by U. S. frigate Constellation. 
Engagement between Constellation and La Vengeance. 
U. S. frigate Philadelphia, which had been taken by the Tripolitans, 

was destroyed m the harbor of Tripoli by Decatur. 
Tripoli bombarded by Commodore Preble. 
Combat between U. S. frigate President and British sloop Little 

Belt 

U. S frigate Essex captured British sloop Alert. 

U. S. frigate Constitution captured British frigate Guerriere. 

U. S. sloop Wasp look British brig Frolic, but both vessels were cap- 
tured on same afternoon by British seventy-four Poictiers. 

U. S frigate United States captured British frigate Macedonia. 

U. S frigate Constitution captured British frigate Java. 

U. S. sloop Hornet captured British brig Resolute, and on Feb. 24 the 
British brig Peacock. 

U. S. frigate Chesapeake surrendered to British frigate Shannon. 

U S. sloop Argus surrendered to British sloop Pelican. 

XJ. S. brig Enterprise captured British brig Boxer. 

Commodore Perry captured British fleet on Lake Erie. 

Commodore Chauncey captured British flotilla on Lake Ontario. 

U. S. frigate Essex surrendered to British ships Phoebe and Cherub. 

U. S. sloop Frolic surrendered to British frigate Orpheus. 

U. S. sloop Peacock captured British brig Epervier. 

U. S. sloop Wasp captured British brig Reindeer. 

A British fleet, under Commodore Hardy, attacked Stonington. 

Commodore Macdonough's fleet on Lake Champlain captured British 
fleet. 

XJ. S. frigate President surrendered to British frigate Endj-mion. 

U. S. frigate Constitution captured British ships of war Cyane and 
Levant. 

U. S. sloop Hornet captured British brig Penguin. 

Commodore Conner, with U. S. fleet, bombarded Vera Cruz. 

U. S. sloop Cyane, Captain Hollins, bombarded San Juan de 
Nicaragua. 
Aug. 29, 1861. Federal fleet, under Com. Stringham, captured forts at Hatteras Inlet, 

N C. 
Nov. 7, 1861. Federal fleet, under Com. Dupont, captured Port Roj^al, S. C. 
Feb. 6, 1863. Federal gunboats, under Com. Foote, captured Fort Henry, Tenn. 
Mar. 9, 1863. Engagement between Federal iron-clad Monitor and Confederate iron- 
clad Merrimac, after the latter had destroyed the Cumberland and 
Congress. 
April 35, 1863. Federal fleet, under ■ Flag-Officer Farragut, after reducing Forts Jack- 
son and St. Philip, and destroying a Confederate fleet, captured 
New Orleans. 
June 5, 1862. Federal fleet, under Com. Davis, destroyed Confederate fleet and cap- 
tured Memphis. 
Feb. 8, 1863. Federal fleet, under Com. Goldsborough, captured forts on Roanoke 
Island, N. C. ^ 



April 




1778. 


Sept. 


23, 


1779. 


Feb., 




1799. 


Feb., 




1800. 


Feb. 


3, 


1804. 


Aug., 




1804. 


May 


16, 


1811. 


Aug. 


13, 


1812. 


Aug. 


13, 


1812 


Oct. 


18, 


1812. 


Oct. 


25, 


1812. 


Dec. 


29, 


1812. 


Feb. 


10, 


1813. 


June 


1, 


1813. 


Aug. 


14, 


1813 


Sept. 


5, 


1813. 


Sept. 


13, 


1813. 


Oct. 


5, 


1813. 


Mar. 


28, 


1814,. 


April 20, 


1814. 


April 29, 


1814. 


June 28, 


1814. 


Aug.! 


9-12, 1814. 


Sept. 


11, 


1814. 


Jan. 


15, 


1815. 


Feb. 


20, 


1815. 


Feb. 


23, 


1815. 


March, 


1847. 


Jiily 


13, 


1854. 



Appendix. 27 

— ^ — 

NAVAL BATTLES {Continued). 

April 7, 1863. Federal fleet, under Com. Diipont, is repulsed in an attempt to reduce 

Charleston, S. C. 
April, 1863. CJ. S. frigate Niagara captured Confederate cruiser Georgia. 
Sept. 7, 1863. Federal fleet, under Com. Dahlgren, aided in reduction of Fort Wag. 

ner, by which the port of Charleston was entirely closed. 
March, 1864 A Federal fleet, under Rear-Admiral Porter, co-operated with a land 

force under General Banks, in an expedition against Shreveport, on 

the Red River, La. The expedition was unsuccessful, and the fleet 

was only saved from destruction by a dam constructed under the 

supervision of Lieut. -Col. Bailey. 
June 19, 1864. Federal sloop-of-war Kearsarge, Capt. Winslow, sunk Confederata 

steamer Alabama. 
Aug. 5, 1864. Federal fleet, under Rear- Admiral Farragut, reduced Forts Games ana 

Morgan, and destroyed Confederate fleet in Mobile Bay. 
Oct., 1864. Lieut. Wm. B. Cushing, with thirteen men, destroys Confederate iron' 

clad Albemarle in Roanoke River. 
Jan. 16, 1865. Federal fleet, under Com. Porter, aided in capture of Fort Fisher. 










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